Transport Across The Fermentation Tank Engineering Essay

Agitators in fermenter play a major function in blending the medium. Agitation in fermenters improves heat and mass conveyance across the agitation armored combat vehicle. Mechanically moved fermenters are well-suited for usage with shear-sensitive agitations that require good O transportation and majority commixture than the conventional air lift fermenters. Fermenter, in biotechnology is usually explained as a container where the host cells incorporating the recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid are grown. In simple footings fermenter is an setup which maintains optimum conditions for the growing of micro-organisms which are used in big scale agitation in the production of enzymes and other chemicals. Basically the fermenter consists of a fomenter either bottom driven or top driven. The most normally used is the fermenter with a top-drive assembly because of its easiness of operation, orderly design, dependability, and hardiness. Agitators in fermenter play a major function in blending the medium which is invariably aerated which means supplying efficient mass exchange in footings of gas stage and liquid stage ( blending ) by providing nutrition and taking away the metabolites. Mass transportation is enhanced by agitation from the headspace to the majority of the liquid ; it creates less anaerobiotic environment ( microaerophilic ) for agitation, farther decelerating down the agitation clip and upseting the ecological equilibrium. The chief intent of agitation usually are intermixing of two mixable liquids, fade outing solids in liquids, scattering a gas in a liquid as all right bubbles, suspending of all right solid atoms in a liquid and to increase heat transportation between the fluid and a spiral or jacket in the vas wall. Agitators must able to make self-cleaning and must forestall monolithic subsiding. Agitation provides practical benefits peculiarly in agitation vass with hapless heat-transfer characteristics. It improves heat and mass conveyance across the agitation armored combat vehicle. By bettering those agitation can cut down temperature heterogeneousness and destroy concentration gradients during agitation, supplying a more unvarying microenvironment for microbic growing. This has positive economic and merchandise quality-related benefits like cut downing the agitation clip, and better standardising process public presentation and merchandise properties. Most of the chemical and processing industries depend on effectual agitation and commixture of fluids for most operations. Generally agitation refers to coercing fluid by mechanical agencies to flux in a peculiar form like circulatory or other pattern inside a vas. Blending normally involves scattering two or more separate stages such as a fluid and a solid or two fluids with one another. Agitation besides has disadvantages peculiarly in industrial agitation procedures. Agitation may interfere with the gel-formation procedure, a cardinal quality property in house yoghurt ( Kristo et al. , 2003 ; Lee and Lucey, 2004 ) and agitation during agitation would suppress the lactic acid formation involved in the procedure ( Driessen, 1998 ; Early, 2000 ) , accordingly widening the agitation clip and perchance changing the quality, there is a possibility of it favoring the incorporation of air into the system, interfering with the agitation kineticss, an anaerobiotic event. Agitators have different parts and all the traveling parts can be made unapproachable by enveloping underneath the vas, therefore doing it a safer piece of setup. There are different sorts of fomenters with or without motor driven. With the motor belt goaded fomenter any spillage can be avoided by straight falling onto the motor since it is non sited straight below the fomenter shaft. Double mechanical seal in the fomenter is necessary to guarantee that the medium does non leak out at the shaft lodging. Depending upon blending demands the agitation shaft will be provided with two or three impellers, each with four or six blades. It is of import that the exterior coating of the fomenter should fit that specified for the vas. Bigger impeller diameters result in shorter blend clip and lower extremum shear. Though it has benefits it is besides necessary to see the higher cost, increased quiver and larger run-out and more robust design demands associated with larger diameter impellers and greater fluid forces. Orientation and size of fomenters varies with fermenters. Scale-Up: In production conditions, either the fomenter revolutions per minute is varied or the impeller is changed to obtain similar blending clip. These impellers can run at much higher tip velocities since they convert a bigger fraction of their power input into unstable pumping instead than shear. There are two chief occupations of fomenters in a cell civilization. First is to obtain the coveted O and C dioxide mass transportation by bring forthing adequate shears which can be characterized by gas mass transportation effectivity and the 2nd is to maintain the vessel well-blended to minimise fluctuations in temperature, pH and linear concentration. The cells inside should be exposed to higher mechanical force or thermic force and or emphasis. The peak shear rate must be kept low plenty to avoid cell harm or emphasis. Bigger the mass transportations is better, because cut downing the fraction of O in the sprinkle gas or flow of sprinkle gas lowers the operating cost and reduces cell harm in certain cell lines. Deluging occurs if the fomenter turns excessively easy for the gas rate and if the gas burden exceeds the implosion therapy point consequences in lower mass transportation. Doppler velocimetry is used to mensurate the shear produced by an fomenter utilizing a optical maser beam to scan the instantaneous speed at points throughout the vas. The fomenter is preferred to be top mounted which makes it easy to take it during go oning operation and to avoid voidance of fermenter during care work on the fomenter. Airlift type and automatically stirred/ agitated fermenters are widely used in bioprocessing. Airlift fermenters are utile where there is necessity of soft agitation and low cost O transportation and in comparatively less syrupy fluids while the mechanical fomenter is works more expeditiously for higher-viscosity fluids. Normally used fermenter which utilizes mechanical agitation rules chiefly uses radial flow impellers during the agitation procedure. Top-mounted fomenters are common in smaller vass where they are easier to seal, but do require longer shafts and larger diameter to command run-out and quiver while in big scale production underside mounted fomenters are by and large used where they need shorter shafts of 3m or less. The latter type is easy to manage since the shaft are of smaller diameter and they are cost effectual. It is easy to take the mechanical seal. Agitator must be mounted either on an angle or offset from the vas Centre line when the vas does non hold baffles. Baffled vass with centre top-mounted fomenters are more common. General chromium steel steel fomenter with high opposition to corrosion A mechanical fomenter is driven by an explosion-proof motor ( electric motor ) , it has a shaft and cogwheel coupled to a cogwheel box that drives the impeller shaft and may even hold immersed bearings if the shaft is really long. The impellers ( turbines ) transform mechanical power into unstable circulation or agitation. The aim of the properly designed mechanical agitation system are unvarying suspension of solids, appropriate application of shear, homogeneous fluid belongingss throughout the system and economical application of applied power. The rotating parts in a mechanical fomenter are capable to change by reversaling emphasiss that may ensue in metal weariness, failure of shafts, seals and fomenter blades particularly when the environment is temperature specific. Experimental setup that consists of jacketed 50 milliliter reactor ( Parr, theoretical account 4843 ) with mechanical agitation. Fermenter with Mechanical Agitation ( www.scielo.br/scielo.php? script=sci_arttext ) During the commixture procedure, the mechanical fomenter plants by turning the mechanical power into thermic energy where the energy ( temperature ) is introduced non-uniformly into the volume. This produces harmful effects to the life beings and agitations in the procedures, which exist merely in limited temperature scope. The commixture can be improved by increasing rates of aeration and mechanical agitation. However, the influence of aeration rate on blending clip was most outstanding merely under conditions of small or no mechanical agitation. The independent agitation reduces the demand for long flow channels besides maintains efficient blending irrespective of merchandise throughput or viscousness. The fermenter design becomes more complex when mechanical agitation is applied for blending nevertheless it offers considerable advantages in footings of versatility and public presentation. Strong axial commixture is one of the less desirable characteristics of mechanical fomenter. There are some major disadvantages in utilizing mechanical fomenters such as unsystematic commixture, where it shear fluid and impel it around the commixture vas. High-turbulent and dead zones are formed during blending which consequence in un-uniform nutrition supply to cells, due to mechanical force produced by sociable ‘s beater the microbic cells may decease. Overheating is formed on the terminals of sociable ‘s beater countries ( micro zones ) which are besides destructive for cells. Mechanical fomenter has merely a motor ; it may hold a provender pump, nevertheless. Mechanical fomenters can non be made on plastic if necessary. Top-entering mechanical fomenters typically require a befuddled armored combat vehicle and it can non blend the armored combat vehicle when it ‘s less full. More dead musca volitanss are formed whilst utilizing a mechanical fomenter. Mechanical fomenter typically needs one impeller diameter of clearance near the armored combat vehicle to supply energy during solid suspension. A mechanical fomenter by and large uses less energy for liquid blending in armored combat vehicles smaller than 3 thousand Defense Intelligence Agency, but during solids suspension, liquid blending and gas/liquid contacting in large-volume ( over 1,000 gal ) fermenters with mechanical agitation costs higher. The additive liquid speed in the downcomer increased with the increasing velocity of the fomenter but was non sensitive to the aeration rate, except in the airlift manner of operation ( N=0 revolutions per minute ) . The fact that the liquid speed varied small with aeration rate in automatically agitated operation whereas at a changeless agitation speed the commixture clip declined with increasing rate of aeration suggests that under given conditions of mechanical commixture, the gas bubbles lifting through the fluid were an of import cause of blending. Bubbling frequence additions with increasing aeration rate and the bubbles lifting relation to the liquid carry in their aftermaths a certain sum of fluid. As celebrated earlier, the consequence of mechanical agitation on blending clip was pronounced merely at comparatively low aeration rates. At higher aeration speeds ( UGr?0.04 ms?1 ) , lifting bubbles seemed to the dominant cause of the commixture Depending on the strength of the mechanical agitation, air sparging of the riser zone may or may non better the commixture public presentation. At sufficiently high aeration rates ( UGr?0.04 ms?1 ) , the usage of mechanical agitation during commixture has lesser importance. Air lift agitation utilizes compressed air to continuously recycle slurry. Consisting of simple piping, air lift agitation requires no traveling parts and negligible care. The consequence is homogenous slurry. Mechanical impeller will shear certain cells that are less delicate. For the ground the mechanical fomenter, which causes unwanted emphasis and perturbation is removed from the medium. About 70 % of consumed power is used for get the better ofing the defying force ( in a medium ) with mechanical fomenters. In this connexion mechanical power is automatically turned into thermic energy and therefore consequences in excess harmful warming of the civilization. Therefore this excess warming must be removed from the fermenters. In Airlift Fermenters the civilizations are both aerated and agitated by air bubbles introduced at the underside of vass. The vas has an inner bill of exchange tubing through which the air bubbles and the aerated medium rise since aerated medium is lighter than not aerated one which consequences in commixture of the civilization every bit good as aeration. The air bubbles lift to the top of the medium and the air passes out through an mercantile establishment. The cells and the medium that lift out of the bill of exchange tubing move down outside the tubing and are recirculated. O2 supply is rather efficient but scaling up nowadayss certain jobs. These sorts of fermenters are now used for production of monoclonal antibodies. The contents are pneumatically agitated by a watercourse of air and or sometimes by gas. In add-on to agitation, this watercourse besides has the of import map of interceding exchange between the gas stage and the medium ; O is normally transferred to the liquid, and in some instances metabolic merchandises are removed through exchange with the gas stage. Air lift fermenters eliminate the possible grinding jobs encountered in agitated fermenters. Due to take down shear force the extents of cell desorption from atom surfaces would be less as compared to agitated systems while utilizing solid substrates. Air lift fermenters are energy efficient and easy to run, and require merely tight air for aeration and agitation and extinguish the demand of mechanical agitation. Oxygen transportation efficiency is higher than mechanical agitated fermenter. Lab or pilot workss can non easy air trial because it requires long bubble opposition clip with minimal wall retarding force. The short vass where mechanical agitation is required for good agitation public presentation compared to air agitated fermenters. If the vas has chilling spirals the commixture is good from top to bottom. Air agitated fermenters exist in industry today for a broad scope of merchandises. Air-lift stirred without mechanical seal The chief advantages in utilizing air lift fermenters are improved asepsis because of no top or bottom come ining agitation shaft, building of really big fermenter is possible because the design is non limited by motor size, shaft length and its weight, infrigidation demands are reduced 20 to 35 % because of no mechanical agitation, cheaper fermenter design. No care of motors, gear boxes, bearings or seals. The air agitated fermenter is a feasible blending power unit like a variable velocity thrust with no motor and drive noise. Air compressors can be steam driven to cut down power cost and go on to run during power outages in big workss with minimum power coevals for controls. Air-lift fermenter exhibit lower rates of O mass transportation and commixture compared to agitated bioreactors and therefore their usage for industrial production of enzymes could ensue in O lack of the agitation broth and unequal majority commixture. On the other manus, compared to other fermenters, air-lift fermenters have a simpler design, have a lower capital and operating costs and exhibit a lower shear environment. For the latter ground, air-lift fermenters have been used successfully in agitation of shear sensitive micro-organism in high viscousness. The chief disadvantages are because of weak blending they do non ever suit for civilizations with active critical maps. They do n't hold intensive nutrition supply and do n't take away the metabolites intensively. Sudden alteration of force per unit area will do the air bubbles drifting to the surface and in bend devastate sensitive cells. It besides produces abundant foaming. The application of chemical froth ledgeman makes quality of concluding merchandise worse and the procedure more expensive. These disadvantages are connected with hurt of cells and micro-organisms during the procedure of the medium commixture, deficient strength of mass exchange, formation of high-turbulent and dead zones, high power ingestion, low features when they works with syrupy fluids. This is a table demoing the chief advantages and disadvantages of air lift and mechanical fomenters in fermenters: Mechanical Air lift

English Lesson Plan

Lesson Plan Form: 2 Level: Low intermediate – high intermediate Date: 4th Mac 2013 Time: 1 hour 30 minutes Subject: EnglishTopic: Natural Disaster (Geography) Focused skill: Speaking (interaction and fluency) Integrated skill(s): Writing, reading and thinking skills Grammar structures/lexical items/phonology: Lexis related to natural disaster; earthquake, flood, victim and etc Curriculum Specifications: Form 2 – 1. : Level 2,vi) Participating in teacher-guided class discussions on topics of interest by; agreeing to another and saying so, disagreeing politely with another and giving one’s opinions, defending one’s point of view. Learning outcomes: By the end of the lesson, the Ss will be able to: * Content: Enhance their knowledge about the types of natural disaster: Know the positive and negative effects of the natural disaster * Language: Use the register and lexis related to natural disaster e. catastrophe, volcanic eruptions, seismic waves, cyclone etc : Increase their orals with friends in L2: Practice genuine communication * Cognition: Make predictions based on logical thinking: Reflect on how the catastrophe affects people’s life * Internationalisation: Develop their knowledge and awareness about the countries that are prone to natural disaster Moral values and educational emphases (as appropriate): Develop awareness of the natural disaster, working collaboratively Previous knowledge: Students already know types of natural disasters and a few basic effects and also mind mapping technique Anticipated problems and proposed solutions: Problem: Ss have problems with vocabulary in the reading Solution: Group discussion, provide dictionary or give personal help to the Ss Resources: LCD projector, laptop, speaker, a video that consists of many natural disaster, dictionaries, power point of the effects of natural disaster, reading for earthquake, flood, tornado, volcano eruption and tsunami (5 copies each), blank table for vocab lists and blank table for the comparison between the types of natural disasterStages/ timing| Teaching-learning activities | Interac-tion| Rationale| A) Lead in 5 – 10 minutesB) Task 125MinutesC) Task 230Minutes D) Task 330 minutesClosure5 Minutes| 1. Make sure all Ss have a piece of paper and a pencil 2. Tell Ss that they are going to draw a scene that you will describe 3. Dictate the following text: ‘Draw three houses in the middle of the paper. Each of the houses has 4 windows and a door. On the roof of one of the houses, there is a man with a girl. On top of the paper, draw some clouds and pouring rain. There is water around the houses that touches the top windows of the houses†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 4. Ask Ss to look at their picture and think what has happened in the scene. Eg: a. Hurricane b. Tsunami c. Flood 5. Get some ideas from the Ss of what they think is happening 6.Try to elicit other vocab related to natural disaster from the Ss. E. g: a. Tornado b. Drought c. Catastrophe and etc 7. Write the Ss answer on the board 1. Tell Ss that they are going to watch a video of various types of natural disaster (the video is about 7 minutes) 2. Ask Ss to draw a mind map of what they predict they might see in the video. Tell Ss that they can use the vocab written on the board) 3. Ask Ss to add the types of natural disaster (if they do not have it yet) and jot down the effects they have seen from the video to their mind map 4. Play the video through laptop (make sure that the sound in good) 5. Ask Ss to check if their prediction is right 6.Ask Ss to talk to their pair about the video (3 minutes) a. What do you feel? b. What have you found out? 7. Bring the students attention together and discuss with the whole class (7 minutes) 8. Ask Ss if they could think of the other effects of natural disaster. (8 minutes) E. g: c. Are there any positive effects? d. If yes, what are they? e. What about the negative effects? 9. Show Ss the list of aftermath using the power point presentation 1. Divide Ss into small groups of 5 or 6 each and assign number to each of them from 1 to 5 (some Ss might have to be ‘Siamese twin’). 2. Assign each group with a type of natural disaster E. g: Group A – Earthquake, Group B – Tornado, etc 3.Tell Ss that they will have to read materials based on the topics and while reading, they need to fill in the table given with lexis (either subject specific terminologies, academic vocabularies or other lexis) from the text given. 4. Provide the blank table and the materials to the groups according to their topic (everyone in Group A will get the reading on earthquake and others get their own topic). 5. Ask Ss to compare their answer with their friends. They could add more lexis as they are discussing. 1. Tell Ss that all of them are the representatives for their topic. They will present the information about the natural disaster to the people from the other groups 2. Ask Ss to reread the mate rials. This time to find information about the natural disaster. E. g: a. The causes b. The effects c. The countries involved d. The process and etc 3.Ask Ss to discuss and compare their finding with the group members (10 minutes) to check and support understanding 4. Regroup the Ss based on their assigned numbers (Group 1,2,3,4 and 5) 5. Ask the Ss to share and compare their findings and with the others (10 minutes) 6. Provide Ss with blank table (one each) 7. Ask Ss to complete the table with similarities and differences of the other types of natural disaster 8. Gather the Ss attention 9. Discuss the answer together 10. Ask Ss what they have gathered or find most interesting from the discussion. (10 minutes) E. g: a. Do you find any similarities? b. Do you think there is any way to avoid it from happening? 1. Ask Ss what they have learnt and what they feel 2.Summarize the lesson| PlenaryIndividualPlenaryPlenaryPairsPlenaryPairsPlenarySmall groupsIndividualSmall groupsPlenaryIndivi dualsSmall groupsPlenary| * To introduce the topic * To engage the Ss * To make the Ss interested * To initiate interaction * To promote interactive lesson * To practice prediction * To listen for specific information * To encourage reflective thinking * To allow them to practice their orals with peers * To expose them with the subject specific terminologies * To promote understanding of the lexis * To give specific purpose for reading * Encourage discussion and information exchange * To encourage reasoning skills|

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Assignment Example For example, the sales department had pointed out that there was inadequate support from the marketing department and for this reason, poor sales had resulted. On the other hand, according to the Director of the marketing department, the design and quality of the product were the major causes of the problem. In order to deal with the problems, a restructure plan was required to be formulated which would best suit the company. The following restructure model can be used: Source: 1 Chinese Apparel Industry Facts From the year 2003, there has been an increase in the market size of the Chinese apparel sector from USD 47,194 million to USD 78,459 million in the year 2009 at a CAGR of 8.8%. In the year 2009, there was a sharp decline in growth rate, where the market slumped due to economic chaos. From USD 95,540 million in the year 2008, the market declined to USD 78,459 million in the year 2009, which was estimated to be a decline of 17.9% of growth2. Diagnosis Internal Analysis of the Sp ortswear Company in China There were multifarious reasons that led the sportswear company in China to suffer losses such as lack of support from the marketing department and poor design and quality of the products. ... They should be aware of different rules and regulations imposed by the government including the taxation policy. Since the Sportswear Company in China is itself manufacturing the products, there is possibility of unfavorable changes in political and trade relations between Singapore and China. The political instability in China, increase in labor costs, or unfavorable weather conditions could considerably get in the way of the production and the shipment of the products of the company, which would in turn affect their operations and financial results. Economic: The sportswear company is also affected by the economy of the country. The stability of interest rate in the country is also a significant factor which can have an impact. A high rate of interest will result in the fall of demand of the product making the borrowings expensive and savings attractive. On the other hand, a low rate of interest leads to increase in the inflation. The company should also take the tax into considera tion. Mainly the taxes are of two types namely direct and indirect. Direct tax cannot be avoided and it affects the personal disposable income. People can avoid Indirect tax such as VAT by not purchasing the products. The high rate of interest in China has led to the fall in the demand of the products in the last two years thereby resulting in the losses for the company. But with the improvement in the living standards of the people of China and also changes in their consumption level, sportswear companies are becoming popular among the people, thereby enhancing the businesses of sportswear manufacturing companies in China. Social: The company should also take into consideration the

The Jobs Crisis in Easter Europe and Central Asia (2007-2011) and The Assignment

The Jobs Crisis in Easter Europe and Central Asia (2007-2011) and The Informal Labour Market in the Czech Republic(2012) - Assignment Example the recession, can be felt through four transmission channels, namely the financial markets, product markets, labour markets and government services. This report of World Bank particularly focuses on labour markets and the government services. The findings of the report clearly point out that the factor which can be attributed for the major decline of household welfare is the loss of jobs in labour markets. This period had witnessed major job cuts in most of the industries (more in construction and manufacturing), which had directly impacted the households. The youth unemployment had also reached record high in this period. The biggest disadvantage was, perhaps, long-term unemployment in the labor market. The workers, who could save their jobs, had also experienced a contraction in their real wages as most companies started to cut back on the paychecks. The households began to cope by reducing their expenditure and increasing their labour supply to earn more. The reduction in expenditure was felt most in sectors of healthcare and food. The governments in most of the countries were aware of the plight of people in the economy and the government launched social assistance programs to help the poor of the country. However, the results of these were not immediately felt because of the bottlenecks that had existed in various sectors during that period. Therefore, there were delays in response of the programs to improve the plight of the poor (Ajwad, n.d.). The report had applied the concept of GDP to measure the reduction in economic growth of the country and its consequent effect on the labour market. GDP measures the total income earned domestically, including the income earned by foreign factors of production, whereas GNP measures the income earned by all residents of the nation, including factors of production from abroad (Lochner, 2013). GDP was used as it captured the economic performance of the geographic region that is under study. If residents of the country

Questions about Gender and Generation Management in the workplace Essay

Questions about Gender and Generation Management in the workplace - Essay Example the organisations achievement of objectives (Bagilhole & White, 2013) It helps in coordinating the various generations in the workplace because all their opinions matter and everyone’s input is valued and incorporated in the firm’s means of achieving the objectives. 2. I would prefer working with generation X due to the fact that it’s a generation made of young people who can make quick decisions and have innovative minds. Their fast decision making tendencies helps in moving the firm forward and achieving the set objectives which increases the value of the firm. Also, the innovative minds helps in coming up with new ways of doing things and processes gives the firm a competitive edge against competitors. 3. Generation Y would be most challenging to manage and lead due to the fact that it is made up of quite older people who are a bit resistant to change. Most of them get stuck with rules and procedures set earlier, and are not willing to change. This makes incorporating valuable changes in an organization difficult; and of course this means that the firm cannot move forward as fast as expected or as planned. 4. The average age for retiring from work is 60. Some of primary reasons as to why people should retire are; it is a state requirement for civil servants to retire, they are no longer as productive as before and also to concentrate on something else they had wished to do. The reasons are individual and others come from external forces like the state requirement for civil servants to retire in order to give way for other qualified citizens to get the chances to work. 5. Generation X is impatient and at the same time dismissive. Most children born during this era display a lot of impatience in most things they undertake in their day to day activities, including undertakings at school, work and even at home. They also dismiss most of the ideas offered by other people mostly the older generation including their parents and other older siblings. On the

Pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

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Health Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

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Political Considerations and Managing Political Risk in an Ever Research Paper

Political Considerations and Managing Political Risk in an Ever Evolving Global Marketplace - Research Paper Example This paper declares that the increased rate of globalization throughout the world has created a dynamic in which decision-makers within international business must consider able to factors as a means of continuing to expand the markets in which they operate and generate an even higher level of profitability. Ultimately, even a cursory level of business analysis reveals the fact that a company which does not focus itself on development and expansion will ultimately collapse and become nonviable. As a direct interpretation of this, it is necessary for firms to be international in their scope and to continually attempt to broaden the overall level of consumers that they are able to engage with. As the paper stresses recognizing how to manage political risk while conducting international business is an essential element that managers should be able to comprehend and understand. Without this understanding managers will be at a disadvantage and will place themselves at risk and even in harm’s way if they are not careful. Political landscapes shape businesses that operate overseas. These landscapes must be navigated carefully and with ethics in mind. Strong core values will be essential to their success. An effective understanding of â€Å"political risk† can be effected through an appreciation of societal organization; specifically the means by which the rules of law, or lack thereof, define the way in which a given region might be represented.

To what extent might the gender, disability, sexual orientation, Essay

To what extent might the gender, disability, sexual orientation, ethnic identity, class, age or politics of a critic determine o - Essay Example These are modern system of art forms that began emerging in the eighteenth century, also called the fine arts. Back in the middle ages, art was merely the correct way of making or doing whatever one happened to be making or doing. Then, art was much more concentrated on cobbling, navigation, medicine as well as the martial arts as these were simply skills or knowledge based crafts or practises whose participants were those who had mastered the techniques of achieving the point of the practice at hand. Criticism is associated with something negative in the ordinary language, nevertheless it should be recognised that criticism is more than fault finding as it may also commend and even recommend. However, one of the primary functions of criticism is not to eviscerate artwork but to rather look into assisting in discovering to be heard from the works under review as well as offer guidance concerning what is worthy in art work while at the same time playing an important role in contempora ry culture. Literateconsumers of the art depend upon criticism to help them negotiate the avalanche of artworks on offer across an array of different media as more art is already available now than in any time of history. Critics are looked at to recommend and guide the selection of what needs to be attended to and assist in comprehending and appreciating the vast amount of work that had been put into art as well as play an important role in introducing new ideas and presumably a debate with critical pronouncements. Consumers of the work of art need a philosophy of criticism, a sense of what it is and a conception of its nature and function as well as test the hypothesis on the work of art but on the other hand the same criticisms need to meet a certain criteria for it to be effective in its role. Criticism assists readers in discovering what is of value in the art work under examination in connection with what the artist has achieved in the work. One of the leading components of cr iticisms is the operation of evaluation in terms of description, contextualisation, classification, elucidation, interpretation and analysis. Although appraisal of artwork in virtue of its membership in a kind of class may not be the most common form of appraisal, sometimes the consumers of art work do issue cross categorical evaluation of art works. This evaluation should be grounded in reason and evidence otherwise art criticism is not rally distinguishable from comparable forms of discourse about art. According to (Eagleton, 1984, p. 9) modern European criticism was born of a struggle against the absolutist state, within a repressive regime in the seventeenth and eighteen centuries and during this time, criticism opens itself to debate as it attempts to convince as well as invite contradiction. Adrian Searle being a trained painter as well as a teacher of art plays a critical role in being a critic of the Guardian as elsewhere in the west; people have been saying extravagant thin gs about the arts for two and a half centuries. Some claimed art is sacred in that they unite us with the supreme being and they are the visible appearance of God’s kingdom on earth, they breath spiritual dispositions into us, they inspire love in the highest part of thesoul, they have a higher reality and more veritable existence thanordinary life, they express

Implementing change Essay Example for Free

Implementing change Essay Managers are entrusted with a leadership role for an organization with an aim to set out objectives and create the right environment and effective techniques to meet those objectives. There are supposed to come up with creative ideas on the change needed in the organization and how that change should be implemented with minimal difficulties while at the same time reaping maximum benefits from the change. A manager’s role and responsibility in implementing change One major step towards achieving this is of course through having a very clear sense of goals. When the management is equipped with a clear sense of goals and objectives, then it will be possible for an organization or an institution to have a new direction. The manager is important at this stage. He or she is responsible for coming up with specific objectives and determining what direction the institution is supposed to take. It is imperative that the leader or in this case the manager learn to be patient because in many cases change demands patience. As a manager, one should be well informed on his or her team so as to have a good knowledge on which members can be best used. Banutu Banutu 2003) The task of management in times of implementing change demands good communication skills. One of the manager’s main tasks is relaying ideas, mission, goals, and objectives of the institution to the subordinates. It is therefore important that the manager is skilled in communication so as to effectively hammer the point home. Good communication skills are two way. The manager should also be a good observer and listener so as to understand any information or feedback that may be coming from the team members. Managers should also act as role models to their team by for instance setting an example of sacrifice. To make the process of change easier, the manager’s behavior should provide a model for motivation. He or she should be ready to listen to team members, respect them, delegate some powers to them, and assist them. Such characters and actions go a long way in motivating the team and elevating their interest to the task at hand. Team members are not only inspired with a mission but also motivated to initiate novelty and new ways of thinking. For a change process to be successful, the manager is supposed to build trust among group members and ensure that they think and work as a unit as opposed to working as individuals. The manager should be able to nurture intimacy among members, demonstrate self confidence, integrity, and honesty. He or she should be able to connect real life personal experiences with transformational requirements or behaviors of the institution. The manager should have a strong sense of involvement with the team and its activities. This way, the influence process becomes easier and more effective. It is imperative the manager fully understands the task ahead and relays that to the subordinates. This attribute should be coupled with high level commitment to the institution. Integrity and consistency are paramount in the change process if the laid down objectives are to be realized. (Banutu Banutu 2003) Handling staff resistance to change One of the most common characteristics in the change process is resistance towards change by members of the organization. Though resistance to change is mainly viewed negatively, it can have positive outcomes too. For instance, staff resistance can lead to a functional conflict. This sought of conflict stimulates a healthy debate among members and the leadership as well. Such a debate sheds light on the various faces of change and ultimately leads to a better decision in the end. Staff resistance though could act as a major obstacle to an organization’s pursuit to achieve change and progress. If the staff is adamant to change its mindset to fit and adapt with changing times, then the organization will experience difficulties adapting and achieving progress. Managers are supposed to come up with ways to deal with staff resistance and ensure that the staff is collaborative instead of the other way round. (Kelly 1992) Communicating with staff members is a significant step in dealing with resistance. The leadership should take its time in demonstrating the logic of change to the staff and get rid of any chances of misinformation or misunderstanding. As indicated earlier, involvement of the staff in decision making is a beneficial tactic in ensuring that staff members not only implement change but also feel as being a part of it. This reduces the level of resistance, increases the change quality of the staff, and achieves commitment from the staff. The manager can also provide individuals who can handle and manage change activities or act as one. The manager or the change agents can offer facilitation and support to staff members so the idea of change and its actual implementation can be easier and more understandable. (Holton 2003) Another method through which managers can avert potential resistance is through negotiation with the staff. The management can offer the staff something like a reward in exchange of lessened resistance. The manager should however be wary of blackmail because some staff members may take advantage of this and demand rewards in any event of a change process. When ‘clean’ strategies fail or deemed unreliable to avert staff resistance, the manager can use cooptation and manipulation techniques so as to achieve his or her ends. Making facts look appealing more than they really are and hatching force rumors can get the staff to accept change and actually look forward to its implementation. The personalities leading the resistance can be bought off by the manager by offering them important positions in the change process. They are made to feel as if they engaged in opposing change but in actual sense the plan goes unhitched. The last trick on the book is the use of coercion. The manager gives direct threats to the staff members and applies direct force. Other measures include transfer of members, demotion, poor letter recommendation, or outright firing. It is important that the staff understands they are not indispensable as the change that the organization is seeking is more important than an individual career. (Bass Avolio 1994) Steps of the change process The management with the collaboration and active participation of the staff should engage themselves in assessing the organization’s goals and objectives. There should be an extensive understanding of why the organization is taking the change path and how well equipped it is to actually implement its objectives. In the event that the management feels time is not ripe for a particular change process to be initiated, then it can be shelved until the right time comes. The management should put all facts on the table and analyze them before it starts to implement them. All possible scenarios to the process should be considered. In the planning process, it is important that the manager ensures that staff members fully comprehend the plan ahead of them. It is also important that staff members are to a certain level involved in the process. The reasons for using participation, as discussed earlier, is to gain the collaboration of the staff and reduce chances of resistance. Carrying out the actual change process calls for dedication from everyone involved. Any challenges such as staff resistance should be dealt with swiftly. During the evaluation, the management should go back to the aims and objectives outlined during the planning process. External evaluators should be invited so as to avoid any chances of bias. (Banutu Banutu 2003) Conclusion Only one thing is certain in any place and that is change. Organizations, just as human beings, are in a process of change. It is up to the management to ensure that this is change is to the positive. The modern world is characterized by cutthroat competition and there is no room for being stagnant.

The Mechanical Engineering And Metal Engineering Essay

The Mechanical Engineering And Metal Engineering Essay Metal fatigue is caused by repeated cycling of the load. It is a progressive localized damage due to fluctuating stresses and strains on the material. Metal fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in regions where the strain is most severe. This cyclic loading and crack initiation is represented using S-N curves. The Fig 1.1 consists of constant cyclic stress amplitude(S) which is applied to a specimen and the number of loading cycles (N) until the specimen fails is determined. The process fatigue failure is consists of three main stages. The first stage consists of initial crack initiation. The second stage consists of progressive crack growth across the part and the third and final stage consists of sudden fracture of the remaining cross section. The fatigue strength is the stress at which failure occurs for a given number of cycles, whereas the fatigue life is the number of cycles required material to fail. The most important concept of the S-N diagram is shown in Fig 1.1. This figure consists of S-N curves for Steel and Aluminium. (By Shawn M. Kelly) http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/fatigue/images/fatigue_SN_01.gif Figure 1.1 S-N curves for steel and aluminium. The subject of fatigue testing is extensive, and is complicated by the important factors like the surface conditions of the specimen, the type of the stress variation, and the influence of the shape of the specimen on the stress flow. As it is known as that the highly polished specimens withstand better fatigue than the normal fatigue ones. The most damaging type of stress variation is the complete reversal, which is between the limit  ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ for which the stress range is 2à Ã†â€™. Fluctuating stresses are less damaging, the standard case is between the limit 0 and +à Ã†â€™. For some materials such as aluminium, no endurance limit exists and therefore it should be planned lifetime of the structure to be less than the failure point. http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/izqlx4lamohzwzk/images/10-d0617ea942/000.jpg Figure 1.2 Fluctuating Stress Cycle. The above figure illustrates repeated stress cycle in which à Ã†â€™max (Rmax) is the maximum stress and à Ã†â€™min (Rmim) is the minimum stress and both are not equal. Here t is the time and à Ã†â€™a is the stress amplitude and à Ã†â€™m is the mean stress. In low fatigue cycle region (N In this experiment fatigue test for aluminium alloys of series 2000 have been conducted and described. S-N Curve Experiment for 6000 and 2000 Aluminium Alloys Series: The fatigue failure experiment is carried out for two different types of aluminium alloys i.e. 6082 and 2011 specimens. These experiments are carried in two different groups. A typical standard specimen is shown in Fig 1.3 as below. It is recommended to test at least 10 specimens of each type and they all must be cut from one length of the material. http://static.tecquipment.com/Products/RF1020_ALUMINIUM-FATIGUE-SPECIMEN.jpg Figure 1.3 Test Specimen. A set of bending stresses from 0.9 of the yield or proof stress to 0.4 of the ultimate strength is selected to match the number of the test specimens for the complete experiment. The setting up of the specimen on the machine is a reasonably simple operation which is done in proper methodology. The main object is to align the specimen and loading arm with the axis of rotation to eliminate stresses due to eccentric whirling of the specimen. Both in drive shaft and the loading arm chucks, loose collet grip is inserted. These inserts 9mm diameter ends of the test specimen are slid as shown in Fig. 1.4. http://www.twi.co.uk/twiimages/jk78f1.jpg Figure 1.4 Setting up of machine. ( by http://www.twi.co.uk/content/jk78.html) The collet is first tighten on the drive shaft chuck so that so that about 1 mm shoulder shows between the start of the neck and the face of the collet of the specimen. Then the loading arm is pushed on to the end of the specimen and adjusts the collet to give a sliding fit. The position of loading the loading arm is in such a way that the dimension of 109.5 mm is attained from the rear face of the bearing housing to the adjacent end of the neck of the specimen as shown in Fig 1.4 and finally tight the collet with the spanner. The specimen is rotated to check that the end of the cantilever run axially otherwise the specimen must get bend and can be discarded. Bearing Drive shaft and bearing Electric motor Chuck in which specimen is fitted. ON/OFF SwitchC:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01501.JPG Figure 1.4 Rotating Fatigue Machine The counterbalance and load hangers should be ensured are in place. Switch motor ON and OFF to verify smooth running. The bending stress for the test is selected and required load or weight is applied on the load hanger. The revolution counter is set to zero before starting the machine and safety guard is used over the apparatus. The fracture time which might occur is estimated and noted. Endurance Limit: The stress value below which the material will withstand many number of load cycles. It is also known as fatigue limit. The stress level below which a specimen will withstand cyclic stress indefinitely without exhibiting fatigue failure. Rigid, elastic, low damping materials such as thermosetting plastics and some crystalline thermoplastics do not exhibit an endurance limit. Also known as  FATIGUE LIMIT.   (CRC Press LLC 1989) Ultimate stress: It is defined as the maximum/ultimate load under which a specimen breaks or fails. Stress corresponding to ultimate load is ultimate stress. Mean Stress: It is defined as the algebraic sum of maximum and minimum stress divided by 2. Ultimate Tensile Strength: In the given experiment ultimate tensile strength is calculated using the following formula p. Where p is the load applied to the material and is the stress. Recorded Data and Graph for 6000 series: Sample No. Load (N) Bending Stress (MPa) Result No. of Cycle Results (Fail/No- Fail) 1 11.25 225 21400 fail 2 10.6 212 114800 fail 3 9.95 199 115300 fail 4 9.3 186 293800 fail 5 8.65 173 161000 fail 6 8 160 184700 fail 7 7.35 147 905100 fail 8 6.7 134 2411100 fail 9 6.05 121 2765800 fail 10 5.9 118 3156700 fail Recorded Data and Graph for 2000 series: Sample No. Load (N) Bending Stress (MPa) Result No. of cycles (x100) Result (Fail/Not-fail) 1 13.5 270 95 Fail 2 12 240 407 Fail 3 10.5 210 482 Fail 4 9 180 1948 Fail 5 8.25 165 1781 Fail 6 7.5 150 2662 Fail 7 7.0 140 2165 Fail 8 6.0 120 4916 Fail 9 5.6 112 19970 Fail 10 5.2 104 More than 107 Not-fail 11 5 100 10 533 Fail 12 4.8 96 More than 107 Not-fail 13 4.6 92 14 4.6 92 More than 107 Not-fail 15 4 80 More than 107 Not-fail 2. Non-Destructive Testing Methods: 2.1 Introduction: Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide range of analysis technique used in science and industries to evaluate the properties of material or component and to detect the flaws in the material without causing damage. The non-destructive testing is the testing of the materials used to find surface or internal flaws or metallurgical conditions without interfering in the integrity of the materials. The flaw includes cracks or inclusions in welds and castings, or variations in structural properties which may lead to loss of strength and finally failure of materials. Non-destructive testing is used for measurement of components and spacing and for the measurement of physical properties such as internal stress and hardness. It is also used for in-service inspection and for conditions monitoring of operating plants. It is also used to look for sign of wear or internal changes on airplanes in aircraft industries. The NDT method is also a function part of quality control which is based on sampl ing analysis, this method is not just for rejecting the substandard material but gives assurance that it is good. The common types of Non-Destructive Testing are stated as follows: Magnetic Particle Inspection. Figure 2.1 Magnetic Particle Testing http://www.azom.com/work/8is7fjkADJ5v0JQByKTw_files/image003.gif Radiography Inspection. Figure 2.2 Radiography Testing. Ultrasonic Testing. Figure 2.3 Ultrasonic Testing. Liquid Penetrant Testing. Figure 2.4 Liquid Penetrant Testing. http://www.twi.co.uk/twiimages/ksijm001f1.gif Eddy Current Testing and Electro Magnetic Testing. Figure 2.5 Electro Magnetic Testing.http://www.eurondt.com/index_2.gif There are different types of non-destructive testing used for removing flaws as shown above but two main types of NDT on which experiments are perform are Magnetic particle testing and Ultrasonic Testing. 2.2 Magnetic Particle Testing: Introduction: Magnetic particle testing is type of non-destructive testing which is used for the detection of surface and near-surface flaws in the ferromagnetic materials and it is basically used for crack detection. Such flaws present in the magnetized part will cause a magnetic field, i.e. flux, to leave the part. It is however same as if there is a surface-breaking flaw in the specimen, the magnetic field is distorted, causing local magnetic flux leakage around the flaw. If the magnetic particles are applied to the surface of this specimen, the surface is covered by very fine iron particles and they will be held in the place by the flux leakage to give a visual indication. Figure 2.6 Deflection in the magnetic flux.http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MethodSummary/MT1.jpg http://www.milinc.com/images/magpartimgs/magpartdiag1.gif Thus a crack is indicated as a line or iron powder particles on the surface. The method of MPT is applicable to all metals which can be strongly magnetised such as ferritic steels, irons and some other alloys but not generally to austenitic steels. The modern equipments generate the magnetic field electrically either directly or indirectly. In direct method high ampere of current is passed through the specimen and magnetic flux is generated at right angle to the current flow. Therefore current flow is in the same direction of suspect defect. If this method is not possible to carry out because of the orientation of the defect, then the indirect method is used. This consists of two forms: Passing high current through a coil that encircles the specimen. Making the test piece form part of a yoke, this is surrounded by a current carrying coil. The effect is to pass magnetic flux along the part to reveal transverse and circumferential defects. Flux: It is a term which is used to refer the amount of magnetic field that exist at specific point within that field. It is measured in Webers. Flux Density: It is an indication of the strength of the magnetic field. It is represented by the lines of forces which are surrounded around the magnetic circuit, where the lines are closer to the flux. It is measured in Webbers/M2 or Telsa. Magnetic lines of force: These lines of force are imaginary lines which describes the path a free north pole would take in a magnetic field. These lines can be plotted using a compass. Experimental Procedure: Pump switch.The equipment used for performing the experiment is known as Johnson Allen NDT (SBU 2000). It should be sited on a firm concrete allowing access for servicing. The specimen provided contains five holes in it. The equipment should be connected to a 230 volt AC, 50Hz, 16 Amp power supply and Quick blow fuses should not be used. Connect Footswitch, Pump, and UV Light via socket to the equipment. Turn main supply on at the wall isolator. Turn the UV light ON and allow 10 mins to warm up. Slide out the ink hopper to within 75mm of the top flange with the Fluorescent Magnetic Ink and slide in the hopper gently. Turn the agitation ON and dispensing pump using the twist switch on the right of equipment. Figure 2.7 Magnetic Particles Testing Machine. Headstocks. Ink spray. Clamping knobs. C.F. control knob. Ammeter ON/OFF Switch.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0049.JPG Headstocks can be adjusted using the Clamping Knobs at the base. Once specimen is inserted and left side headstock is fixed then the specimen is ready to be tested. AC is current is used for surface defect and HWDC is used for all defect, so select the HWDC. Check the current control dial is turned to minimum. Experimental Precautions: The hole inside the given specimen should be clear otherwise the crack line does not come properly. Headstocks should be regularly checked. The specimen should be cleaned properly to prevent arcing and pitting on the surface. Circuits should be check regularly before performing any operation. Experimental Results: SpecimenThe given specimen contains 5 holes in it. The specimen is adjusted and fixed between the headstocks as shown in the figure below. Before performing the experiment the specimen should be clean properly other the line is not visible. As the hole was not clear and contains ink in it so the defect line is not obtained on the specimen. This can be seen in the figure below. Figure 2.8 Specimen without defect line Headstocks Ink spray.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01541.JPG Then the holes are clean, and the experiment is performed again. When it is clean, the two defect lines are visible on the specimen. Hence, as the lines are seen on the specimen it can considered that it contains flaws in it. This works under the principle of right hand rule and so specimen has to be adjusted perpendicular to the headstocks so flux travel properly from the specimen and flaw. Testing Specimen. Defect lines. Figure 2.8 Specimen with visible defect line.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0060.JPG Advantages of Magnetic Particles Testing: It gives instant result and rapid inspection can be done for large surfaces. It is simple and easy to conduct. It detects a variety of surface and sub surface flaws, such as crack, porosity, inclusions, shrinkage, laps etc. Surface preparation is less critical than it is penetrant inspection. Sensitivity of testing can be specified and checked. It is economically cheap. Disadvantages of Magnetic Particles Testing: High currents applied to the components may cause damage. Smooth surface is required for application of this method. Materials which are tested must be ferromagnetic. Deep cracks or flaws are not detected. Materials may need to be demagnetized. Equipment is bulky and heavy. Material or part permeability may affect results. High power supply is needed for low surface. 2.3 Ultrasonic Testing: Introduction: Ultrasonic testing is a type of non-destructive testing method that uses high frequency sound waves (ultrasonic) which are above the range of human hearing and they are used to measure the geometric and physical properties of the materials. Ultrasonic waves travels at different velocities in different materials. There are different ways of sound travels through the material. One type of sound wave is called as compression or longitudinal travels which is at about 330m/s in air and 6400m/s in aluminium and approximately 5960m/s for steel. Figure 2.9 Ultrasonic Testing.http://www.energyworkforce.net/wp-content/uploads/ut1.jpg The pulsed beams of the ultrasound are used in a simplest instrument and a single probe (transducer) which is hand-held is paced on the surface of the specimen. An oscilloscope is connected to the probe which displays with the time-base the time that requires for an ultrasonic pulse to travel through the reflector which can be flaw, black surface etc. The height of the reflected pulse is related to the flaw size as seen from the transmitter probe which is displayed on oscilloscope screen. A single probe acts as both transmitter and receiver and hence the inspection can be done from one side of the specimen. Large grain material such as austenitic steel welding, copper casting etc., produce severe attenuation and are difficult to test but fine grain material such as forged material can be tested easily. Using the indication on the oscilloscope the size of the flaw can be determined. Ultrasonic attenuation and ultrasonic velocity measurements are used to study various material properti es. Experimental Procedure: A typical ultrasonic testing system consists of several functional units such as: Pulser/receiver. Transducer. Oscilloscope. Connecting wires. Couplant. Mild steel material (specimen). A pulser is an electronic device that can produce high voltage electrical pulses. From the high voltage pulses, transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. This sound energy propagates through the material in the form of waves. Couplant. Transducer. Oscilloscope Figure 2.10 Setting up of Ultrasonic Testing.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01547.JPGC:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01545.JPG Mild steel specimen. Defects Display Screen The left side figure shows the cathode ray oscilloscope and the right side figure shows the mild steel material on the ultrasonic test is conducted. The given specimen was of mild steel with five holes in it. Before starting the experiment, the specimen should be properly clean. Then apply a couplant on it. Start the cathode ray oscilloscope. There are different button on oscilloscope such as gain, light, velocity, angle, dialog etc. as shown in figure below. Figure 2.11 various buttons on oscilloscope.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonic8122010(002).jpg So it is adjusted in such a way that the deflection should be visible. The transducer is connected to the oscilloscope with the help of connecting wires. Then this transducer is placed on the specimen for testing the flaws in it. Experimental Observation: When the transducer is placed on the specimen it emits ultrasonic waves from the material (specimen). When the probe is placed on specimen it gives a very nice and high peak on the oscilloscope as shown in the below figure. It means that the ultrasonic waves travel easily from that part of the specimen and hence it does not have any flaw in that part. Figure 2.12 High peak signal in nice surface.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0065.JPG C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicP081210_11.230001.jpg Similarly, when the probe is moved further on it can be seen in the oscilloscope that the highest peak is coming down and it nearly become nil or very low. It means that the high frequency waves are reflected. Hence it can be observed that, there is a flaw in that part of the specimen. It is the same part under which a big hole is there. Figure 2.13 Low peak signal in defective part.C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0081.JPG C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesattachments_16_12_2010DSC01545.JPG Hence, from the above two figure it can be concluded that when there is high peak in oscilloscope there is no flaw at that part and similarly when the high peak decreases to low it means that part contains some flaw in it. Advantages of Ultrasonic Testing: The measurement is superior to other NDT methods. It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities. It requires very minimal part preparations. It is highly accurate in determining reflector position and estimating size and shape. As the electronic equipment as used it give instantaneous results. It requires only single-sided access when the pulse-echo technique is used. It can also be used for other purposes such as thickness measurement etc. Disadvantages of Ultrasonic Testing: It normally requires a coupling medium to promote the transfer of sound energy into the test specimen. Those materials which are rough, very small, irregular in shape, thin or not homogeneous are very difficult to test. Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound. Cast iron and other grained materials are difficult to test due to their low sound transmission and high signal noise. Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected. Feedback and Evaluation: S-N curve: The experiment S-N curve is used to determine the endurance fatigue limit of the material used in automotive industries. The given specimens were of aluminium alloys. There were two series of aluminium alloys i.e. 6000 series and 2000 series on which experiments are performed. Ten samples of each specimen were given. This experiment was performed in two groups. One group perform the experiment on 6082 specimen and other group perform the experiment on 2011 specimen. In this experiment weights are taken in Newton and the number of cycles is shown on the machine. Corresponding to this stress/load (S) and number of cycles (N), S-N curve is plotted. When the load is high it number of cycles is low and when the load is decreased its number of cycles increases. This is shown in graphs below. This is a S-N curve graph for 6011 aluminium alloy (specimen). From the above graph it can be seen that at high stress/load i.e. 225 MPa or 11.25N. The number of cycles is 21400. As the stress goes on increasing the number of cycles goes on decreasing. Hence the endurance fatigue limit varies at different load for the same specimen. When the specimen fails it is taken out from the chuck and it can be checked microscope and the cracks can be seen properly. From this the physical properties of the material can be checked and the fatigue limit can be obtained. There are some microscopic images of specimens, they are as follows: Sample 1 at 11.25N load. C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample1_1.JPGC:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample1_2.JPG Sample 2 at 10.6N load. C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample2_1.JPGC:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesultrasonicsamplemicroscopicimages- sncurveSample2_2.JPG There are many more microscopic images which look similar to the above images and it fails at different loads. The below figure is of the specimen before experiment. http://static.tecquipment.com/Products/RF1020_ALUMINIUM-FATIGUE-SPECIMEN.jpg This specimen is fixed between the chucks and when the experiment is performed at different loads the specimen which is fixed between the chuck breaks. This is shown in the figure below. C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0040.JPG It can be clearly seen from the previous figure that the specimen breaks from its middle. First the crack propagates in it and then its finally fails. The graph below is the S-N curve graph for 2011 aluminium alloy specimen which is experimented by other group. This graph start from 270Mpa and the applied on the specimen is 13.5 N and therefore the number of cycles perform by the specimen is less i.e. 9500. These two specimens cannot be compared as both the group has taken different values of stress and therefore the number of cycles are different both the specimens. From the given ten samples, the discussion of the fatigue limit is nearly impossible as we find the scatter point graph not a perfect curve of S-N. For establishing the endurance fatigue limit of both the specimens more experiments must be conducted on it. Also the specimen should be properly fixed in the chuck otherwise it fails in somewhere before the expected value. Magnetic Particles Testing: This experiment is performed to check the flaws i.e. cracks, holes, black surface of the materials. This experiment comes under non-destructive testing. A specimen of mild steel is given and it contains five holes in it. This specimen is fixed in Johnson Allen NDT machine. This specimen is fixed between the headstocks of the machine. The specimen is fixed perpendicular to the headstocks. The perpendicular arrangement of headstock and specimen is done because this machine works under the principle of right hand rule and it generates flux into the specimen. This flux passes through the material. When there is any flaw into the material the flux gets affected and a black line of iron particles is seen on the surface of the material. In this experiment also the specimen contains five holes in it and a black line of iron particles is seen on the surface of the material. The current is control with the help of C.F. control switch. The black defect line on the specimen can be seen in figure below. The amount of flux running through the specimen can be measured with the help of ammeter. But the ammeter in the machine under which this testing is performed was not working. So the exact amount of flux generated in specimen cannot be measured. The ammeter and C.F. control switch is shown in the figure below. C.F. control switch. AmmeterC:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0045.JPG Ultrasonic testing: This type of testing is also used to detect flaws and crack inside the material without damaging it. The specimen provided is a mild steel slab and it contains holes in it. It can be seen that when there is no flaw inside the specimen it shows high peak on the oscilloscope and similarly when there is any flaw the ultrasonic waves get reflected and the high peak decreases to low peak. This is clearly in figures below. C:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0065.JPGC:UsersasimDesktopall folderpicsmaterialsimagesIMG_0081.JPG Conclusion: From the above experiments we can conclude that S-N curve is best method to determine the fatigue limit but it cant be done using ten samples as it does not gives the proper curve graph for the specimen. Magnetic Particle Testing is a good way of finding flaws from the materials without damaging it but the machine is not that comfortable and more precautions must be used before using it otherwise the flaws are not detected. Similarly Ultrasonic Testing is a good way cracks and other flaws detecting and these are used in aircraft industries. Referencing: Mark Wilcox and George Downes, A brief description of NDT techniques Available at: http://www.turkndt.org/sub/makale/ornek/a%20brief%20description%20of%20NDT.pdf [Accessed on:3 Dec 2010] www.ndted.org.com NDT Method Summary Available at: http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MethodSummary/MethodSummary.htm [Accessed on:12 Dec 2010] www.insight-ndt.com (2007). Qualiron ductile iron metal quality tester. Available: http://www.insight-ndt.com/ultrasonic/qualiron.html. [Last accessed 3rd dec 2010.] www.NDT.net Non-destructive Material Testing with Ultrasonics Introduction to the Basic Principles Available at: http://www.ndt.net/article/v05n09/berke/berke1.htm [Accessed on:15 Dec 2010] www.materialsengineer.com (2007) Metallurgical Fatigue Failures Available at http://www.materialsengineer.com/CA-fatigue.htm [Last accessed on 3rd Dec 2010] www.sv.vt.edu (1997). By Shawn M. Kelly, Fatigue, Available at http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/anal/kelly/fatigue.html [Accessed on 6 Dec 2010]. www.scribd.com Fatigue Failure Available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/29476995/fatigue-failure [Accessed on 8 Dec]. www.key-to-metals.com.cn (99-2000) Fatigue of metals (stress cycles) Available at http://www.key-to-metals.com.cn/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticlesite=ktsNM=281 [Accessed on 8 Dec]. www.twi.co.uk (2005) Fatigue Testing Available at http://www.twi.co.uk/content/jk78.html [Accessed on 12 Dec]. www.azom.com (2010) Non-destructive Testing-Surface Examination Techniques. http://www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=522 [Accessed on 13 Dec]. www.energyworkforce.net (2010) Principles of Ultrasonic Testing. Available at http://www.energyworkforce.net/?p=126 [Accessed on 16 Dec].

Essay --

Black Robe" is a 1991 movie starring Lothaire Bluteau, Aden Young and Sandrine Holt. It was directed by Bruce Beresford and adapted from Brian Moore's 1985 novel of the same name. It was produced by a â€Å"Joint Film Production of Australia and Canada†. The movie lasts about one hour and forty-one minutes. The movie was named "Best Canadian Film" at the 12th Annual Genie Awards, with August Schellenberg also taking home the "Best Supporting Actor" trophy. (Epinions, 2004) The movie revolves around a 1632 French missionary, Father LaForgue (Lothaire Bluteau) or Black Robe as the Indians referred to him. He traveled to North America to attempt to â€Å"save the savages on the new land†. His mission leads him to a Canadian settlement and an Algonquin tribe. There he is first introduced into the Indian religion, culture, and practices. This is also where his first major shock occurs, when he encounters a Frenchman, Daniel (Aden Young), having sex with the Algonquin chief's daughter, Annuka(Sandrine Holt). Shortly after, Father LaForgue decides to accompany a small group of Algonquin Indians on a...

Propaganda in Four Articles Essay -- War Propaganda Literary Analysis

Propaganda in today’s world is at its all time peak due to the inability of humans to comprehend information on their own. One may define propaganda as a form of communication that is aimed towards influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. Realistically, however, this form of communication is nothing more than information, ideas, or rumors spread deliberately to help or harm an institution. In Tom Downey’s â€Å"The Insurgent’s Tale,† anti-war propaganda is used by telling the story of an actual Jihadist. He encourages that the men fighting on Iraqi soil are just as human as the American warriors. Regardless of what the Bush regime would have you believe, Jihadists are actually more than the evil, robotic suicide bombers that they may set out to be. Jihadists can be often confused with terrorists because they share similar traits and beliefs. In Daniel Byman and Christine Fair’s â€Å"The Case for Calling Them Nitwits,† the ones feared terrorist is ridiculed by simply calling them â€Å"nitwits.† Byman and Fair portray examples of carelessness and stupidity during acts of terrorism. They go on to mention how many terrorists are untrained, perverted, fools that are far less organized and sophisticated than we make them out to be. Byman explains that small investments in training for security can make a big difference when it comes to both experienced and inexperienced terrorists. There are many accounts that may cause a nation to go to war against terroristic plots. Susan Sontag’s â€Å"Regarding the Torture of Others† examines the manner in which war is perceived. She contends that war imagery is open to both interpretation and manipulation. Sontag argues that war itself is perennial while rejecting the notion that ... ...ey, Byman, Fair, and Sontag were all fairly strong in convincing the reader to believe what they have written. All of the texts make an attempt to convince the reader that the modern day terrorists are not as how we make them out to be. However, Sontag also takes it a step further and mentions that not all Americans have well intentions. Although the Americans are not referred to as terrorists, they are able to possess come of the qualities. Though we should not judge a book by its cover, we should also not be so naà ¯ve and blind to others. Works Cited 1. Byman, Daniel, and Christine Fair. "The Case for Calling Them Nitwits." Atlantic Magazine. July/August 2010: 1. Print 2. Downey, Tom. "An Insurgent's Tale." Rolling Stones. 12/29/2005: 1. Print. 3. Sontag, Susan. "Regarding the Torture of Others." New York Times. May 23, 2004: 13. Print.

Quality Assurance Review Essay

According to Merriam Webster (2014), â€Å"Provision is: the act or process of supplying or providing something.† Every company provides a provision or has a mission statement that their company stand by, which shows what services that company, will commit to delivering to their clients. We as professionals and them as businesses have an obligation to deliver direct services effectively to help clients adapt socially and effectively in society. It is the companies’ responsibility to provide clients with the services that sustain a good work or living environment. Companies are dedicated to providing direct support services that will enhance a client’s quality of life, and that is designed to meet the needs of their client. Moreover, it is important that staff build their time to participate in activities with the clients that they are servicing. It is also the responsibility of the company, to make sure their staff is educated and trained in their area of concentration to assist their client. It is important to develop relationships with clients that will allow them to engage in everyday life activities. It is provided that any person that is working with clients to engage in activities with their client. Clients have IEP (Individual Education Plan) programs that should be followed to assure the client is receiving the proper education that is based on their need. It is up to the worker to provide clients with a structured setting which will allow them to see if the client is learning according to their plan or their day. In every event, every aspect is about providing proper service to the client. Furthermore, it’s about creating independence in that client by setting academic and functional goals that are attainable and reachable from a realistic aspect for that client. A professional’s purpose is not to please coworkers but, their purpose is to be an advocate for their client. In the case scenario of the staff member providing services appropriately to  clients, certain information is required in the process of gathering and covering the basic components of quality assurance, which are proper provision of service, client satisfaction with the service and proper documentation. With reasoning, questions have been formulated to help monitor and prevent future fraud and misappropriation of services as it pertains within these guidelines. From the information gathered from the staff at the school, the client, and all that is involved with working with this particular client, the question is, since the goal for the staff member was to develop and maintain a client-centered service and to provide quality service and ensure the client’s satisfaction, should that particular client have had services from our agency because of a communicable disease in which he/she was recently treated for according to the teacher at the school? According to the teacher employed at the school, where the staff member was working with the client stated that this particular staff member was frequently late, was this tardiness professionally and legally documented? As reported by the teacher at the school where the staff member was working with the client, the teacher reports (if legally documented) that the staff member did not engage in their professional interventions towards a certain client about their behavior on a particular day. Were there any witnesses to this behavior and did the staff not intervene in stopping a certain behavior from this client? The reasoning behind these questions is as follows: Although the teacher at the school at which my agencies staff member was working with a particular client, it was not reported or stated about any legal documentation on this worker’s tardiness at this school. Also was there a specific reason for which my staff member did not tailor in her interventions towards a particular client due to their behavior that was reported to me, the director of the agency. It is believed that gathering the correct and adequate information from all parties involved when working with clients especially in the health care profession, helps those involved have a better understanding what kind of frame of mind the particular staff member, the client involved and even the teacher working with both parties, it is important to obtain such information so that there is no misinterpretation in communication, documenting all actions involved, or just documenting the day’s activities so that the agency and the school can  see if the client shows any improvement with working with a particular staff member. This also helps prevent any legal action involving all parties regarding he said/she said, or future fraud towards a certain agency. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member is not open to feedback, how was the staff member approached about this feedback? Was this communicated in a professional manner? How exactly did the staff member respond to feedback given? Lastly, did the staff member give reasoning for not accepting feedback about services rendered? This line of questioning is important because it approaches the first accusation from all angles. These questions are trying to determine whether or not the staff member is blatantly refusing to accept feedback or if they are accepting feedback and just not implementing it. It is also important to not how the feedback was approached. If the feedback was delivered in a negative or accusatory way it may not have been implemented because the staff member may have a strict treatment plan and be avoiding confrontation with the teacher by just not accepting feedback. This is why it is important to understand the staff member’s reasoning behind not accepting feedback. It determines whether or not this staff member is providing the client with the proper services and that the staff understands what these services are so that there are no misunderstandings. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member does not tailor their interventions to the client according to his behavior on a specific day, please name one example where the staff member did not tailor their interventions to fit the client’s needs? How was the staff member approached about this incident? Did the staff member give reasoning for continued their planned treatment? Was this incident documented and if so how was it documented? Were the client’s needs met? Was the client unsatisfied with their services provided? This line of questioning is important because it makes sure that the client is receiving the proper services that they need. The staff member’s treatment plan should always be centered on what is best for the client; not what is easier for the staff member. It is also important that a staff member with a strict treatment plan not stray from their original treatment plan if it affects the overall effectiveness of the treatment. This is why it is important to understand the staff member’s reasoning behind not altering their original treatment plan so as to make sure that this decision is not affecting the way that the  client is treated and or receives their services. Another important part of this line of questioning is that if the client’s needs were not met, how was this documented? Having proof that the client’s needs were not met is important in accessing the staff member’s overall effectiveness in their treatment plan. Lastly, it is important to note whether or not the client was satisfied with the services they received so that the staff member can be clearer in the future about the services they provide as to not having any misunderstandings. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member is frequently late, has this tardiness been properly documented? If not, are there eyewitnesses that can attest to this accusation? Was the staff member approached about this accused tardiness? If so, by who and what where the repercussions of this action? Also, was this action documented and if so how was it documented? This line of questioning is important because it grants validity or not to the accusation that the staff member is constantly tardy. For there to be action taken against this staff member there need to be legal documented proof that this staff member is constantly tardy. If not there is not much that can be done legally about this accusation unless there is some documentation stating that this individual has been reprimanded about this behavior. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member has created conflict between them and the teacher, how was this situation handled between the two staff members? How did the school handle this situation? Where all have actions are taken to prevent any further conflict member between the two before filing this complaint? Where these actions documented and if so how where they documented? This line of questioning is important because it relates to the validity of the complaint in general. This relates to whether or not this staff member is even in need of review or whether the school just doesn’t want to deal with feuding individuals. It is important that this type of situation be documented every step of the way or it just becomes he said she said battle. It is important to understand how the school handled this situation so that if there are any misunderstandings about the service rendered at the school by the staff member that these issues be resolved so that the main focus is on the clients. In special cases such as with disclosure of pertinent information in regard to communicable diseases, this breach of security poses a huge impact as it pertains to patient confidentiality and services provided.  Although the sharing of information with other healthcare professionals is important in providing effective patient care, if a breach of confidentiality as occurred and shared amongst other unaware of the contents of the patients history, this disclosure witho ut consent can pose a risk based on standard infection control procedures, as well as exposure-prone risks undertaken in primary care. In such circumstances, in order to repair the relationship once a breach of confidentiality has been made, the director must adequately acknowledge and apologize for the mishap. Ensure that the client understands that this is not how business is normally conducted and that HIPPA laws and regulations are taken seriously within the organization. To ensure that this does not happen again, there should be a mandatory training centered on client confidentiality and rules and regulations of HIPPA, and certificate of completions could be provided to the client to ensure that they are aware of your dedication to mend the relationship. References Bord, J.D, DDS MSD MA, Burke, W., MD Ph.D., & Dudzinski, D.M.., Ph.D. MTS (2013).Confidentiality. Ethics in Medicine. University of Washington School of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/confiden.html Confidentiality case study: Serious Communicable Diseases. General Medical Council: Working With doctors working for patients. Retrieved from:http://www.gmcuk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/confidentiality_serious_communicable_diseases.asp Merriam Webster., Provision. (2014). Retrieved September 1, 2014.

Bacteria Transformation in Biotechnology

Abstract Some bacteria are able to go through transformation making new combinations of genes. Transformation is a way of gene variability in bacteria. This experiment is based on the transformation mechanism of bacteria and gene regulation. The bacteria used for the experiment was Escherichia coli and the genes introduces for the transformation were: gfp and bla by a pGLOâ„ ¢ plasmid. After the insertion of the target genes and growing the bacteria on specialized LB media, it could be seen that the transformants were positive for the gene expression.The transformed E. coli on the media appeared fluorescent green under UV light. Introduction The bacteria used in this experiment is Escherichia coli which is not naturally competent. E. coli is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria and a facultative anaerobe. This bacteria forms part of the bacterial flora in the human intestine tract. The competence of a bacteria is based on its ability to take up naked DNA from the environment and in corporated on theirs, transformation. Alteration in the permeability of the membranes allows DNA to cross the cell envelope of E. oli. Since the outer membrane of the E. coli is mostly negatively charged and the DNA molecule also has a negative charge, then the addition of CaCl2 will neutralize the interaction so that the naked DNA molecule can enter the cell. (Microbe Library web) Another important factor on the competence of the bacteria is a procedure of alternating temperature between ice bucket and heat shocks. By the combination of this two procedures E. coli becomes competent. This procedure was first reported by Mandel and Higa. Singh 562) Even though it works it is only believed that CaCl2 helps DNA absorption to cell surface and the heat-shock step facilitates penetration of absorbed DNA into cell. (Panja 411) The main purpose of this experiment is to transform the bacteria to make it resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. A secondary transformation is being made, and is to make the bacteria seem fluoresce green. The reason why the bacteria will fluoresce is because the gfp gene is being inserted under an ara promoter. The gfp gene encodes for the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).The genes under the ara promoter will be expressed when the bacteria is in presence of the sugar Arabinose. When the transformed E. coli is in presence of Arabinose, the gfp will make the GFP and when the bacteria is placed under UV light it will fluoresce green. The gfp gene was found and extracted from a jellyfish, Aequorea victoria, and is being used as a visible reporter for gene expression. (Garcia-Cayuela 172) To introduce the gfp into the bacterial cell it was needed to be by a plasmid, as well as the gene to make the E. oli resistant to ampicillin, bla gene. The bla gene encodes for the protein beta lactamase which breaks down the ? -lactam ring in the structure of the ampicillin, therefore making it resistant to the antibiotic. Like already said to introduce this tw o genes to the E. coli it must be done through a plasmid. Both genes were introduced by the same one. In this case the one that was used was a pGLOâ„ ¢ plasmid. This is an engineered plasmid used as a vector to create genetically modified bacteria. This plasmid contains three specific genes: bla, gfp and araC.The  ¬araC is a promoter region that regulates the expression of the gfp only under the presence of arabinose sugar. Materials and Methods In this experiment a pGLOâ„ ¢ transformation kit was used. First we needed two eppie tubes, one pGLO positive and the other pGLO negative. This two eppies were then moved to an ice bucket. During, one loopful of the pGLO plasmid was transfer to the pGLO+ tube. The other tube will be the pGLO-, the Escherichia coli without the plasmid. The two tubes were moved into an ice bucket and left there for 10 minutes. Then the tubes were put into a 42?C water bath for 50 seconds and after back to the ice bucket for 2 minutes more. After the tw o minutes had passed, a 300 microliters aliquot of LB broth was added to the two test tubes. By adding the LB broth, the CaCl2 solution was also inserted in the tubes with the E. coli. Right after it the tubes were shook for ten minutes in a 37? C shaker. There were gather 4 petri plates, one with LB media, two with LB amp(ampicillin), and the last one with LB amp ara(arabinose sugar). After the 10 minutes each plate was given an aliquot of 100 microliters with one of the E. coli of the eppie tubes.The LB plate and LB amp had the pGLO- and the other two plates, LB amp ara and LB amp, had the pGLO+. After this step it’s done the plates are prepared to be incubated at 37? C for two days and reveal the results of the induced transformation. LAB 9: TRANSFORMATION PROCEDURE Results The results for this experiment were a bit ambiguous but still recognizable and pretty clear. All of these plates were seen under UV light. In the LB plate pGLO- , after the incubation, there was found a lawn of Escherichia coli colonies that looked green because of the light. The LB amp plate with the pGLO- bacteria, the E. oli did not seem like it grow on it, the media just looked green. A count of 172 colonies that looked green, was found in the LB amp pGLO+ plate, this plate had ampicillin. In the LB ara amp media plate there were found 251 colonies of E. coli. In this plate the colonies looked fluorescent green under the UV light, the only plate. In a scale of growth from larger to smaller, the first in line would be the LB, then LB ara amp, proceeds LB amp (pGLO+), and last one LB amp (pGLO-). Table 1. 1 Results oftransformationof E. coli withpGLO plasmid mediapGLO+pGLO-color(under UV light)growthLB -Yesgreenlawn of colonies LB amp-yesmedia look greenno growth LB ampyes-green172 colonies LB amp arayes-fluorescent green251 colonies -= n/a Discussion The results obtained in this experiment were as expected. The gfp should had been expressed under the presence of arabinose suga r and then under the UV light would fluoresce. The bla gene was expected to be expressed in the presence of ampicillin molecules. The LB pGLO- plate was a control plate meaning that this plate set a reference parameter to compare the results after the transformation. In this plate the growth of the E. oli was in a vast amount since this is a general media target for growth. In the LB amp pGLO- plate, the other control, the E. coli was not transformed with the plasmid, so in presence of the ampicillin the natural behavior of the bacteria is that is susceptible to it. In another hand, the plate of LB amp pGLO+ presented growth meaning that the bacteria took up the plasmid and was able to expressed the genes by an induce transformation. The result being that the transformed E. coli is now resistant to the ampicillin. The last plate, LB amp ara pGLO+, appeared with 251 fluorescent green colonies under the UV light.The reason for it is that the bacteria took up the pGLO plasmid and when the E. coli was in the presence of arabinose and ampicillin, the bacteria could fluoresce green and be resistant to ampicillin which naturally the E. coli does not possess this genes. When this last plate is compared with the control plates it can be confirmed that the procedure done in this experiment was effective as hoped. The arabinose sugar is the intriguer that turns on the genes under the ara promoter. So when the gfp under this promoter turns on, all the other genes under the same promoter will expressed in the cell also.No real noticeable source of error was found during the experiment since the results obtained were completely expected based in the information of the procedure. New studies are being made constantly and this transformation technique is widely used in the field of biotechnology. In the study of Plasmid DNA Transformation in Escherichia Coli: Effect of Heat Shock Temperature, Duration, and Cold Incubation of CaCl2 Treated Cells, the experiment was based on ho w much quantitative is the difference between different variables possible to reach for the best optimum environment to exploit to the maximum the use of this technique.These results suggest that a heat shock pulse of 30 sec at 42 °C followed by a 10 min ice incubation step are ideal parameters to obtain maximum transformation efficiency, also suggest that post heat shock cold incubation step is also an important factor and enhances transformation of E. coli significantly (Singh 561) The relevance of this paper on the experiment performed and discussed previously is big. The results of Singh’s experiment helps our experiment in enhancing the correctness of our results and lowering the possible errors that can surge.Also it can be a great reference of how to determine the optimum conditions of a specific bacteria which would contribute in other research fields. Citations Anh-Hue T. Tu. Transformation of Escherichia coli Made Competent by Calcium Chloride Protocol. Microbe Li brary. American Society of Microbiology. October 25, 2012. Web. November 10, 2012 Garcia-Cayuela, Tomas,. Fluorescent protein vectors for promoter analysis in lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli. 172. Applied Genetics and Molecular Biotechnology.Pdf Panja, Subrata,. Aich, Pulakesh,. Jana, Bimal,. Basu, Tarakdas. How does plasmid DNA penetrate cell membranes in arti? cial transformation process of Escherichia coli? 25(5): 411 Molecular Membrane Biology, August 2008. Pdf. Singh, Mahipal,. Yadav, Arpita. Ma, Xiaoling. Amoah, Eugene. Plasmid DNA Transformation in Escherichia Coli: Effect of Heat Shock Temperature, Duration, and Cold Incubation of CaCl2 Treated Cells. Volume 6 Number 4, 2010. 561– 562 International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. Pdf.