Existential Humanistic And Career Development Psychology Essay

Existential Humanistic And Career Development Psychology Essay This essay will review and analyze person-centered and existential approaches and career development theories of John L. Holland and John D. Krumboltz and catalogue the significant understanding of theoretical dynamics and application of techniques/strategies during counselling relationship. The common thread that runs through the existential-humanistic theories and career counselling theories works on unifying theme of understanding human existence, career concerns and experiential approaches to counselling. Practice by counsellors in these disciplines have an eclectic or integrated approach to develop their own core metatheory (Neukrug, 2011). While reviewing both Existential approach and person-centered approach and exploring variety of understandings on counselling process and client relationships, both approaches both share similar efficacy orientation in multicultural context. Person-centered founded by Carl Rogers and existential theory developed by Victor Frankl are applied across diverse settings, from individual to group counselling (Corey, 2013). The field of career counselling has evolved to a holistic career/life path approach. Theories of career development support career concerns through series of interventions help understand; job selection, broaden horizons, improved life-style, work-life balance and implementation of decisions in career dealing with entire life span of the individual(Amundson, Harris-Bowlsbey, Niles, 2009). Introduction In the 1960s and 1970s there was a growing awareness among therapist towards other approaches like existential and person-centered for counselling practice apart from psychodynamic and behavioral approaches. Both approaches brought in perspective of human philosophy and human experience to deal with crisis and traumas in life more successfully (Corey2013). Corey (2013) stated that Existential therapy can be best described as a philosophical approach that influences a counsellors therapeutic practice (p. 127). The therapy indicates that people are independent and are capable of finding a meaning to their life when faced with tragic situations. It also suggests new ways and alternatives to face problems and take decisions to evolve holistically. Moreover, people have the power and freedom to take conscious decisions in directing their life (Van, 2002). As stated by Corey (2013) Quiet Revolutionist (p.159). References to his earlier writings reflect under the heading of client-centered approach which later evolved to person-centered therapy. Rogerss therapy on human nature was an alternate to psychoanalytical therapy. Counsellors preferred Rogerss therapy as it did not involve extensive psychological training for counsellors to practice. Rogers work is regarded as the changing force in channelizing current counselling therapies (Welfel Patterson, 2005). Validated Research Frankl was one of the contemporary therapists who contributed to the development of existential school of therapy. As mentioned by Neukrug (2011) in 1930, Frankl framework of his theory was reproduced in his book Mans Search for Meaning a best seller translated into many languages (Neukrug, 2011). Existential family trauma therapy (EFTT) is based on an orientation to help people who have undergone traumatic experiences in their life. EFTT approach was most effective with Vietnam families living under symptoms of post -traumatic war stress for last 30 years, useful with couples and families facing serious medical problems such as heart disease, respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, families who have faced migration disturbances in a new country, families to overcome death of a family member and with families who have been subjected to physical or mental abuse or rape. The therapeutic sessions have proved to be very successful in the past and continue to be effective in todays scenari o (Lantz Gyamerah, 2002). In 1942, Rogers wrote a book on Counselling and Psychotherapy on non-directive approach in therapy (Neukrug, 2011). From 1945 he worked in University of Chicago and established a counselling center. In the center Rogers practiced group counselling therapies with people who had returned from World War II using non-directive approach to express their innermost fears and experiences. After the sessions people in the group had a deeper understanding of their inner self and were able to bring positive changes in their lifestyle thus resulting in popularity of these group encounters in the 1960s and 1970s. Rogers was the first psychotherapist to use the word client instead of patient (Neukrug, 2011). In the 1960s Rogers and his colleagues counselled clients who were hospitalized schizophrenics in the University of Wisconsin. Person-centered approach has been applied extensively across diverse cultures, groups, families, individuals facing situations like (alcoholism, agoraphobia, depressio n, cancer, and personality disorders), crisis intervention (unwanted pregnancy), people in the helping profession (nurses, doctors, teachers) leaving clients fully accepted and valued (Corey, 2013). Underlying Theoretical Approach Existential and person- center approaches have parallel phenomenological (experience of human nature) orientation towards experiential counselling (Corey, 2013). Both approaches believe that an individuals life is infringed with boundaries of weakness, strengths, limitations and opportunities created by the environment. The client being the focal point explores and goes along on a self-discovery inward to evaluate the value and meaning to live. Largely the theories construction empowers the clients to assume responsibility of their actions, choices and direction. However, the two schools approach therapeutic relationship through different theories (Neukrug, 2011). According to Rogers client has the liberty to develop freely without being directed, this faith in human nature is considered as a humanistic approach to counselling (Welfel Patterson, 2005). Individuals can be trusted to choose the right direction, they are self directed and can solve their own problems(Henderson Thompson, 2011). Person-centered focuses on two primary needs of a client. The first is need for self-actualization and second is to be loved and valued by others (McLeod, 1998). Rogers believed that a client has remarkable capacity within to self-determine the choices for self-healing and personal growth eventually leading to self-actualization with a focus on the recent experience. Self-theory in person-centered is the belief that the persons perception of looking at self from others point of view is reality example when the person feels inferior and incompetent, will act on that belief and even though others view the person as competent and confident. This state of per sonal reality/incongruence can be changed through counselling (McLeod, 1998). Existential theory revolves around the disturbing inevitable life experiences and wiliness of the client to explore self by facing the reality and realign to create a meaningful and purposeful existence (Van, 2002) . The objective of the approach is to enable client to assume personal responsibility to rediscover their values, beliefs, and purpose in life to make authentic self directed choices of how to live example a client is suffering from cancer and has three months to live (Van, 2002). The central theme of existential therapy is based on client responsibility and freedom to recreate a meaning to their life for example a client has acrophobia and is always dreaming that somebody will kill him, leading to lack of confidence. It is up to the client to remove the confusion from his life by reflecting on self- attitude towards others (Van, 2002). Counselling Process and Client Relationship Counselling is a journey, the role of counsellor is to provide a nurturing environment that would permit and encourage clients for a personal growth. The existential and person-centred approaches have similar orientations towards client and counsellor relationship. The underlying philosophy of both approaches requires the counsellor to dive into the clients world and provide on non-judgemental, caring, safe and supportive environment (Corey, 2013). As stated by Corey (2013) existential counsellor paves a way for the client to overpower slavery of inner conflicts to state of therapeutic awakening. Situational conflicts which are clients primary concern like meaning to life, thoughts, beliefs, suffer losses, friends die, relationships end, isolation, anxiety or blaming others for their conflicts. The counsellor assists the client in this process of uncertainty by reflecting on different tangents which were not looked at earlier by the client. (Van, 2002) . In person-centered counselling relationship is given highest importance. Client is reassured looking at the attitude and beliefs of the counsellor during therapy and moves forward for a personality change (Bozarth et al., 2002 as cited by Corey, 2013, p.166). Person-centered therapy training underpins three qualities of counsellor congruence, positive regard, and empathy which enable the client to feel accepted. This leads to a secure and caring relationship allowing the client to open up and divulge deep into their rigidities and non genuine lifestyle (Corey, 2013). Diversity Perspective Person-centered and existential therapies have a major impact on with diverse culture groups. They both have worked with diverse groups and with different ethnic backgrounds. They share similar views of not imposing their beliefs or values on the client, instead help in connecting to secular values and issues related to racialism (Corey, 2013). Person-centered and Existential in Todays World Carl Rogers was the first psychologist to receive American Psychological Association award. In the last thirty year there have two new offshoots based on person-centered approach called focusing and process-experiential which are based on similar approach as person-centered approach of Carl Rogers. There are about 200 professional organizations and training centers in the world which are working on application of Carl Rogerss theory example Association for the Development of the Person-Centered Approach in the United States, in Europe Gesellschaft fur Wissenschaftliche Gesprachspsychotherapie in Germany (Kirschenbaum Jourdan, 2005). From January 1, 1987 to September 6, 2004, 141 books, 174 book chapters and 462 journal articles have been published on Carl Rogerss person-centered approach. The International Society for existential Psychotherapy and counselling in London develops programmes for existing existential counsellors, The New School of Psychotherapy and Counselling is set up and also offers distance learning course in existential counselling. There has been an increase in the number of training institutes for counsellors considering existential therapy (Corey, 2013). Existential practicing counsellors have increased over the past 20 year and case studies have proved the efficacy of the approach. (McLeod, 1998). Existential approach has been beneficial for people who are facing mid-life crisis worrying about approaching old age. The therapy helps them to overcome fear of death and diseases in old age (Becker, 2006). Existential therapy is widely accepted and applied with anxious and depressed adolescents who have concerns like identity issues, isolation, scared of entering adulthood, leading aimless life. It has been noted that there has been a steady increase in the number of adolescents experiencing existential therapy (Shumaker, 2012). Limitations for Therapist Existential therapist lack clear guideline for practice and therapist find practicing therapy at times unclear, especially who do not have a philosophical mind frame. Existential theory has no techniques and there are situations when therapist needs to borrow techniques from other schools to have evidence based practice and be able to evaluate therapy outcomes and effectiveness. The most important limitation in existential counselling is the therapist needs to be mentally healthy otherwise the therapist can undergo emotional drain while practicing existential therapy (Corey, 2013). Person-centered counselling has its limitations; there are no intervention strategies and techniques leading to unaccountability of therapist with no evidence of effective therapy. Person-centered therapy is a non-directed therapy and there are times therapists are not satisfied with clients decisions. The therapist also feel incapacitated when they are not able to express their viewpoint after listening to the client to make the therapy more effective (Corey, 2013). Synergy of Career Counselling and Counselling Career counselling for career development is useful in helping people to get the right job. Career development plays an important role in guiding and acquainting people to the change in the environment. Individuals who satisfied in their career work towards a goal, their job traits matching their personality and they make choices out of their experiences to create a better future (Amundson et al., 2009). Existential therapy has benefited mid-life career decision, helped clients to re-evaluate their career satisfaction with meaningful existence (Cohen, 2003). John Holland based his career counselling on finding the right blend between a persons personality and work environment, closer the match greater the satisfaction in career (Isaacson Brown, 2000).According to Holland success and personal consistency is inevitable when there is congruency between individual and the career with a right blend of personality and job. (Andersen, 2006). John Krumboltz theory is based on individuals learning of new skills through their experiences. According to Krumboltz people are born with genetic distinctiveness such as race, genders, physique. People build their observation and task skills when they come in contact with the environment, while undergoing social and cultural change. Career counselling based on this theory helps an individual to learn from their experiences and move on to make choices to achieve success (Amundson et al., 2009). Career development counselling approaches of Holland and Krumboltz and existential -humanistic counselling approaches synergize very well with each other. All of these approaches guide the client to overcome their dilemmas in life or career. Person-centered approach works well with individuals who are confused about their future career directions and need interpersonal adjustments in career or are facing developmental or personal growth issues. Existential approach is appropriate for encouraging individuals to examine the process of decision making between present and future actions empowering them to make career choices based on their judgments (Dahir Stone, 2011). Conclusion Approaches have been discussed in detail; they are under one umbrella called existential-humanistic approach focusing on human experience and authentic therapeutic relationship. Existential and person-centered theories are in congruence with my strong belief in the positive nature of all human beings. After reviewing both theories in detail, would like to synergize both the theories and unify them into my own core theory without diluting the theoretical commitments. In my opinion existential and person-centered have similar viewpoints and they both rely on experiential therapy for clients when in crisis or paradox in their current life situations (Van, 2002). They share an underlying assumption that clients are trustworthy and they have the freedom to make congruent choices to lead a meaningful life. They have a common emphasis on quality relationship between client and the counsellor and techniques have no role to play in the therapeutic environment (Corey, 2013). While working on the piece, also came to a conclusion that career counselling theories of Holland and Kramboltz can be integrated with counselling theories. I personally feel counsellors can have an eclectic approach and choose theories and their techniques in situations accordingly (Amundson et al., 2009).

10th Grade Biology Textbook Analysis

10th Grade Biology Textbook Analysis: A Readability Study Teachers should consider assessing the textbooks they are planning to use in the classroom. Textbook evaluations and assessing students’ connections with texts are important tasks for content area teachers and students (Vacca, 2002). Teachers are constantly assessing the suitability of reading material for their students. Readability can be defined as the grade level at which a document is written. Readability is concerned with the factors that affect students’ success in reading and understanding a text.These factors include the legibility of the print and illustrations, the motivation and interest of the reader, and the reading level of the text in relation to the reading ability of the reader (Johnson, 1998). These key ideas of readability are at the heart of choosing the best textbooks for students. There are many readability formulas or indexes teachers can use to objectively measure the readability of textb ooks. Many readability formulas have been developed as a result of research evidence (Johnson, 1998).Most readability formula and index values are calculated by measuring sentence length and word familiarity or word length to determine a grade-level score for text passages (Vacca, 2002). There are several widely used readability formulas. The Fry Readability Graph was developed by Edward Fry in 1977 for the purpose of predicting readability. It is a quick and simple readability formula. He used the common formula variables of syllables per 100 words and words per sentence.The user marks the counts of the variables on a graph and then reads the readability grade score directly from it. The graph was designed to identify the grade-level score for materials from grade 1 though college and can predict the difficulty of the material within one grade level (Vacca, 2002). Flesch-Kincaid Formula was developed to be used as a US Government Department of Defense standard test. The formula use s two factors: the average number of syllables per 100 words and the average number of words per sentence.The score in this case indicates a grade level (Johnson, 1998). Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index is automatically calculated on Microsoft ® Word documents. Microsoft ® Word will display readability statistics after it has completed a grammar check, which is accessible from the tool bar (Arnold, n. d. ). Dale-Chall Readability Formula has a 3,000 â€Å"familiar word† list which is used as a guide to identify â€Å"difficult words†. This formula uses two factors: the average sentence length and the percentage of unfamiliar, or difficult, words (Intervention, n. . ). Gunning’s ‘FOG’ Readability Formula is suitable for secondary and older primary age groups. Gunning proposed counting words of three or more syllables, assigning them as â€Å"hard words†. The formula is based on two counts, that of average sentence length and the percentage of â€Å"hard words† (Johnson, 1998). The ‘SMOG’ Formula tends to give higher values than the other formulas because it was intended to predict the level necessary for 90 – 100% comprehension of the reading material, i. e. when the SMOG formula yields a readability score of ten for a particular textbook, the students reading on a tenth grade level will be reading the material with 90 to 100% accuracy (Johnson, 1998). FORCAST Formula was devised for assessing US army technical manuals and is not suitable for primary age materials. But, because it is one of the only formulas that does not need whole sentences, it is suitable for assessing notes and test questions. The only factor used to calculate the FORCAST formula is the number of single-syllable words found in a sample of 150 total words (Johnson, 1998).According to Vacca (2002), the Close Procedure does not use a formula to determine readability. This procedure determines how well students can read a p articular reading passage as a result of their interaction with the reading material. In this method every nth word is deleted from the passage, leaving a blank in its space. The passage is given to students to fill in the missing words and the completed passage is used to evaluate students’ ability to accurately supply the missing words.The General Textbook Readability Checklist is a checklist that focuses on the understandability, usability, and interestability of a textbook. This purpose of this study was to examine textbook readability by applying several readability formulas, including the Fry Readability Graph, Flesch-Kincaid Formula, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index, Dale-Chall Readability Formula, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability Formula, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula, FORCAST Formula, Cloze Procedure and the General Textbook Readability Checklist, to a biology textbook titled, Modern Biology.Method Materials Materials used in this study included a 10th grade biology textbook, Modern Biology as well as the procedural guidelines for each of the readability formulas that will be used to assess the textbook. Procedure 18 passages were randomly selected from the Modern Biology textbook and the appropriate pages photocopied.The photocopied passages were then placed into 5 groups having three samples each (Fry Readability Graph Group- Appendix A, Flesch-Kincaid Formula Group- Appendix B, Dale-Chall Readability Formula Group –Appendix D, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability Formula Group- Appendix E, and FORCAST Formula Group- Appendix G), and three separate groups containing one passage each (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index Group- Appendix C, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula Group- Appendix F, and Cloze Procedure Group- Appendix H). A more subjective measure was used in the General Textbook Readability Checklist (Appendix I).Procedures were followed for each of the Formulas and Indexes, and results were tabulated and rep orted. A brief summary and discussion were included in the write-up. Results and Discussion This purpose of this study was to examine textbook readability by applying several readability formulas, including the Fry Readability Graph, Flesch-Kincaid Formula, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index, Dale-Chall Readability Formula, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability Formula, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula, FORCAST Formula, Cloze Procedure and the General Textbook Readability Checklist, to a biology textbook titled, Modern Biology.As table 2 illustrates, the Flesch-Kincaid Formula (10. 8 grade, 15. 8 years old) was the only readability method that supported the teacher’s decision to use this textbook. The Fry Readability Graph (Table 1) indicated that the textbook was at an 8th grade level (13 years old). The remaining objective methods for readability, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index refer to Table 3 (12 grade), Dale-Chall Readability Index (Table 4 -16 grade), Gunning â⠂¬ËœFOG’ Readability refer to Table 5 (13. 6 grade, 18. 6 years old), McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula see Table 6 (13. 1 grade, 18. 1 years old), and the FORCAST Formula see Table 7 (12. grade, 17. 1 years old) indicated that the textbook reading would be too difficult for a 10th grader. In an attempt to produce a more cohesive point on the scale of readability, the averages of six tests (Fry Readability Graph, Flesch-Kincaid Formula, Dale-Chall Readability Index, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readabilty, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula, and the FORCAST Formula) were found for the textbook. As illustrated in Table 10, the average grade for this text is found to be at the 12th grade. The Close Readability Procedure results also indicate that the reading level is to difficult for the 10th grade class (Table 8).According to the General Textbook Readability Checklist the textbook is strongest in its usability and weakest in its understandability (Table 9). I really am not surprised that the results indicate that the textbook is too difficult for the 10th grade student. Science textbooks are probably inherently more difficult to read because the subject matter is more complex as is the terminology. Although these tests didn’t provide the desired results, there is a lot of similarities between them and I believe that they are still good measures of the readability of textbooks.

The Importance of Newspaper

Newspapers have become a daily necessity for nearly everyone, especially in the city where people have to be aware of what is happening around them. Inspite of the television or Internet giving us information on the latest occurances, most people still prefer the feel of the actual newsprint. The newspaper is indeed important as it is a powerful tool to inform the public on various issues. It has a wide coverage as the estimated number of readers is about 10 million in Malaysia alone. Important and shocking news alike are quickly known to the nation through newspaper publications. Every day, the front page news captures the attention of the public and is almost always a topic in people’s conversations. Another feature of the newspaper are the weekly or fortnightly articles written by columnists. These are the features which are able to attract a huge following of fans – people who are fascinated and interested in the writer’s stories. Special write-ups on special occasions in newspapers also help people to have a better understanding of the events. The business section of the newspaper lends a helping hand to the investors who are keen on knowing about the companies they have invested in. The comics section is a delight to the young and old alike. For the staff of newspaper companies, the journalists, especially, the newspaper is a means though which they are given a chance to voice their opinions and make their stand on many issues. For companies looking for an avenue to advertise their products, the newspaper is one of the best choices. Because of the large number of people who read the newspapers, their products will be known by many. Therefore, it can be concluded that the newspaper is important for everyone.

A Civilization Falls Apart Essay - 1167 Words

Most of what we know to be African Literature, talks about the changes from an un-dignified lion-chasing culture to that of a semi-dignified European society. The novel Things Fall Apart by Nigerian-born author Chinua Achebe, tells the story of a Umuofian villager named Okonkwo, and how Okonkwo has to come to grips with the changes that are happening in everyday Ibo life. The novel Things Fall Apart is not your typical tall African tale. The novel is a story, a story not just about one person, but about an entire civil-society circa 1890s that becomes overwhelmed with the ideas and beliefs of the European colonizers, or as some like to refer, the white man. Author Chinua Achebe witnessed this invasion first-hand, so who better†¦show more content†¦It is this dignity that many African peoples all but lost in the colonial period...The writers duty is to help them regain it by showing them in human terms what happened to them, what they lost. (Achebe/Killam Eds. Pg. 159.) Chinua Achebe shows the reader the change of Africa as seen by the main character of the novel, Okonkwo. Okonkwo has the hardship of living in an ever-changing society. It is thru Okonkwo that the reader is able to visualize a society of immense cultural standing, and not as European colonizers would say, a society of savages. The main theme of culture is present in all areas of the novel, which helps to show to the reader all of its underlying themes, themes of tradition and themes of religion. Achebe sees the themes of culture, tradition, and religion in one bright light and European colonizers see those same themes in a totally different, somewhat snobbish dim light. However these themes are viewed, one thing is certain, change is on the horizon. The changing of Umuofia can be viewed in many different ways, the most important of which are, religion, culture, and domination through white (British) rule. 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