Outline Muslim teachings on wealth and poverty Essay Example for Free

Outline Moslem teachings on wealth and poverty Es presupposePoverty a state of being lamentable the status of having no m bingley to take c ar of yourself and the basic needs of life such(prenominal) as, food, clothing and housing. Muslims conceives poverty to be as a test to valet de chambrekind influence god. There are different types of evil and suffering which antecedent poverty such as? Moral evil ? actions through by humans which cause suffering.?Natural evil ? things which cause suffering but have nonhing to do with humans e.g. realityquakes. (I go forth explain it in the following paragraphs)When god created the earth he in any case made a being c in alled Adam (pbuh) to take care of it, Allah order the angles to bow down to Adam (pbuh) (humans are superior to the angles as they have free go out-which is why they can be vice-regents- but they are inferior because their free provide means they can sin) means they can sin) all Angels invite out one ignorant Satan ( iblis) refuse to follow Allahs commands to bow down to Adam so Allah rejected him and throw him out of the heavens. However Allah allowed Satan to do mischief and disrupt mankind form worshiping Allah until the last day then Satan shall be sent to hell and those who were tempted by his evil shall follow him into the fire. Muslims believe that suffering is a test from god. But if there faith stays strong and they lead a sober and devote themselves to Allah they shall rewarded with eternity paradise.be current we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits of your toil, but stay fresh back glad tidings to those who patiently persevere calamity, to god we expire and to him shall we returnMuslims believe that the agency to succeed and pass the test is to second those who suffer such as the floods in Bangladesh through Muslim charities such as Muslim hands, Islamic relief e.c.t.The visionary Muhammad (pbuh) has said Poverty can lead to Kuffar (ungratefulness). This is because a deprived human being may feel that his maestro is being unjust on him, but a human being can non understand that this life is a test from Allah and the real life is the life hereafter.What does Islam say about Zakat CharityWealth in the English dictionary is defined as, having huge sum of money or possession, riches, state of being well off. In Islam whatever wealth you posses is regarded as a trust from Allah (God). You are not free to do what you want with your wealth, as you will be accounted for how you release it. Islam teaches that wealth is something harborn by god for the benefit of humanity and there for it should be shared.Then (on the day of judgement) you will certain(p)ly be questioned about all the favours you enjoyed. (1028) concord to Islam, the wealth you posses does not show your superiority, neither or nor does it give you distinction or make you a part of honoured class. The one who posses the riches of Faith is the one who is wealthiest in the sight of Allah, not the one who posses material riches. Islam says that there is nothing wrong to posses wealth, as long as you earn it in the right (halal/lawful) manner and discharge it in the right (halal/lawful) way.Islam has given guideline for the ways of life which mainly concentrates on the earning and use of wealth. Earning and haping is essential for living, but we do not live only for this. We have a greater purpose in life. E realthing in Islam is for the benefit of mankind. The main principle of Islam aim to establishing a just participation wherein all(prenominal)body will behave responsibly and honestly, and not as cunning the great unwashed who fight for as big share of something as possible without regard for honesty, honor and responsibility. Islam has given rules for earning wealth which all Muslims should abide by. Muslims must(prenominal) follow the Quran and the Sunnah1) both payment from the production, sale and dist ribution of alcoholic drinks are unlawful, as are earnings from gambling, lotteries and from interest (riba) transactions (590-91, 2275).2) Earning by falsehood, deceit, fraud, theft, robbery and burglary is unlawful. Deceitful acquisition of orphans property has been particularly banned ( 2188, 42, 6152, 785, 831-5).3) Smuggling and the artificial creation of shortages are unlawful (3180, 934-35)4) Earning from brothels and from such other practises which are harmful to society are also unlawful.Islam strikes to the root of evil and wants to establish a just and fair society. A Muslim must earn his living in halal ways and he should always bear in mind that what ever he does, it is known to Allah. He will be accountable for his actions on the day of judgement. He cannot confront anything from Almighty Allah.Unlawful outgoings are also not allowed in Islam. It does not at all benefit a Muslim to spend money irresponsibly. Over-spending and unwarranted are strongly discouraged ( 731, 1726, 1927, 2568)What is ZakatZakah (welfare contribution) is the third pillar of Islam. The Arabic word Zakah means to purify or cleanse. Zakah is to be nonrecreational once a year on savings at the rate of twain and a half percent. This rate applies to cash, bank savings, gold and silver medal and silver jewellery. The rate for cattle and agricultural produce is different. Payment of Zakah is a means of keeping our wealth clear of greed and selfishness.SCHEDULE OF ZAKAHWealth on which zakah is account payableAmount which determines the payment of zakah (nisab)Rate of zakah1 Agricultural produce5 Awsuq (653 kg) per harvest *5 per cent produce in case of irrigated land 10 per cent of produce from rain-fed land.2 Gold, silver, ornaments of gold and silver of gold and silver85 grams of gold or 595 grams of silver *2.5 per cent of cling to3 hard currency in hand or at the BankValue of 595 grams of silver *2.5 per cent of amount4 Trading goodsValue of 595 grams of silver *2.5 p er cent value of goods5 Cows and buffaloes30 in numbersFor every 30, one- year old for every 40, one 2- year old6 Goats and sheep40 in number one and only(a) for first 40 two for 120 there for 300 one more for every 1007 Produce of minesAny quantitiesPer cent of value of produce8 Camels5 in numberA up to 24, one sheep or goat for each five camelsB 25-35, one 1-year-old she-camelC 36-45, one 2-year-oldshe-camelD 46-60, one 3-year-oldshe-camelE 61-75, 4-year-old she-camelF 76-90, two 2-year-old she-camelG 91-120, two 3-year-old she-camelH 121 or more, one 2-year-old she-camel for each additive 40, or one 3-year-old she-camel for each additional 50* Fiqhuz zakahIt also encourages us to be honest in our dealings, earnings and outgoings (spending money). Zakah is a lordly act in Islam it is not charity or tax. Charity is optional and taxes are used by states for any purpose, but zakah is only allowed to be spent in certain places such as helping the poor, even for needy or travellers i n need and for the cause of Allah. Zakah is a form of ibadah. Ibadah (Arabic) the word meaning worship or obedience. It can be done in any activity in life, if they it is done to please Allah and Allah alone. We all so pay zakah to gain Allahs favour. Zakah is a way of contributing our excess wealth with those who are less successful then our selves. Truly we our selves do not own the wealth it belongs to Allah. He is the real owner of the wealth and mankind, we have to fulfil Allahs commands by paying zakah as an obligatory it is a part of ibadah. Zakah is a basic principle of Islam, based on accessible welfare and the fair distribution of wealth. In addition to zakah, Muslim are encouraged in the Quran to make voluntary contributions to help the poor and needy, and for other social purposes. These voluntary contributions are called Sadaqa (charity). Through zakah, rich share their wealth with the poor.Zakaah al-FitrZakaah al-Fitr is the name given to charity, which is distribut ed at the end of the fast of Ramadan. Zakaah al-Fitr is a duty, which is Waajib on every Muslim, whether male or female, minor or adult as long as he/she has the means to do so.Ibn Umar reported, that the Prophet (sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) made Zakaah al-Fitr compulsory on every slave, freeman, male, female, young and old among the Muslims one Saa of dried dates or one Saa of barely.The head of the household may pay the required amount for the other constituents. The significant role played by Zakaah in the circulation of wealth within the Islamic society is also played by the Zakaah al-Fitr. However, in the case of Zakaah al-Fitr, each individual is required to calculate how much charity is due from himself and his dependents and go into the community in order to find those who deserve such charity. Thus, Zakaah al-Fitr plays a very important role in the development of the bonds of community.The rich are obliged to come in direct contact with the poor, and the poor are put in contact with the extremely poor. This contact among the various(a) levels of society helps to build real bonds of brotherhood and love within the Islamic community and trains those who have, to be chivalrous to those who do not have. The main purpose of Zakaah al-Fitr is to provide those who fasted with the means of making up for their errors during the month of fasting. Zakaah al-Fitr also provides the poor with a means with which they can celebrate the festival of breaking the fast (Eid al-Fitr) along with the rest of the Muslims.Ibn Abbaas reported, The Prophet (sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) made Zakaah al-Fitr compulsory so that those who fasted may be purified of their idle whole caboodle and black-market talk (committed during Ramadaan) and so that the poor may be fed. Whoever gives it before salah will have it accepted as Zakaah, epoch he who gives it after the salaat has given Sadaqah.The goal of Zakaah al-Fitr is to make Believers more aware of Allah. By making them give up some of their wealth, through this the believers are taught the higher moral characteristics of generosity, pity (sympathy for the unfortunate), gratitude to God and the righteousness. But, since Islaam does not neglect mans material need, part of the goal of Zakaah al-Fitr is the economic well-being of the poorer members of society. Zakaah al-Fitr is only Waajib for a particular finale of time. If one misses the time period without a good reason, he has sinned and can not make it up. This form of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last day of fasting and the Great Compromiser obligatory until the beginning of Salaah al-Eid (i.e. shortly after sunrise on the following day). However, it can be paid prior to the above mentioned period, as many another(prenominal) of the Sahaabah (companions of the Prophet (sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) used to pay Zakaah al-Fitr a couple days before the Eid.Naafi reported, That the Prophets companion Ibn Umar used to give it to those who would accept it and the throng used to give it a day or two before the Eid.Ibn Umar reported, that the Prophet (sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) order that it (Zakaah al-Fitr) be given before people go to make the Salaah (al-Eid).And Ibn Abbaas reported, That the Prophet (sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) said, Whoever gives it before the Salaah will have it accepted as Zakaah, while he who gives it after the Salaah (will not, for it will only be considered as) ordinary charity.Therefore, one who for coheres to pay this Zakaah al-Fitr on time should do so as soon as possible even though it will not be counted as Zakaah al-Fitr. The amount of Zakaah is the self equal(prenominal) for everyone regardless of their different income brackets. The minimum amount is one Saa (two handfuls) of food, grain or dried fruit for each member of the family.This calculation is based on Ibn Umars report, that the Prophet(sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) made Zakaah al-Fitr compulsory and payable b y a Saa of dried dates or a Saa of barley.The Sahaabee, Abu SAeed al-Khudree said, In the Prophets time, we used to give it (Zakaah al-Fitr) as a Saa of food, dried dates, barley, raisins or dried cheese.AqiqahThe word Aqeeqah means the the hair of the forehead. It also means the animal that is sacrificed after the birth of a child. rough people call it Nusukiyah or Dhabihah. The purpose of Aqiqah is to give thanks to Allah, to express happiness on the birth of a child, and to announce the birth so that people know to whom the child belongs. Aqiqah is a highly recommended Sunnah (scholars). According to other scholars it is wajib (mandatory). The proper time for Aqiqah is the 7th day (or after), counting from the day of the birth of the child. Parents or grandparents should perform Aqiqah for their children or grandchildren. In some traditions it is said that one should sacrifice two lambs for a boy and one for a girl. But it is not required. One can sacrifice even one for the boy. Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him sacrificed one lamb for Hasan and for Husain. The meat of the animal should be divided like the sacrificial meat at Eidul Adha, one third for the poor, one third for friends and one third for the family. One can also give all the meat to the poor and needy people. Children are Allahs gift. We should be thankful to Him and we should take good care of them.From the beginning we should pay attention to their Islamic upbringing and education. Parents should be a good role model for their children and they should also make sure that their children are learning right values, have right teachers and good friends. Someone rightly said that children are like sponges. They absorb whatever they see. It is very important that we give them the right message. We should also be careful about what they watch on TV and Internet. In Arabic the word Aqiq is also used for a precious stone. One can also say that Aqiqah is a ceremony that helps us realize the precios ity of our children.Salman bin AamirAd-Dabbi narrated that the Prophet (SAW) said, Aqiqah is to be offered for a newly born boy, so slaughter (an animal) for him, and relieve him of his suffering.It is Sunnah to slaughter 2 (or 1) animals for a boy, and 1 for a girl. This meat is then to be shared with all the people in the community. At the time of the prophet meat was scarce. So eating and distributing meat became a special way of celebrating the birth of a baby.Giving something of the wealth over which Allah has given us temporary custody is a critical part of our deen. The Prophet (sas) saidMan yatasaddaqa bi idli tamratin min kasbin tayyibin wa laa yaqbalu Allahu illa at-tayyib fa inna Allaha yaqbaluhaa bi yameenihi thumma yurbeehaa li saahibihaa kamaa yurbiy ahadukum falwahu hattaa takoona mithla al-jabali.Whoever gives in charity the value of a oneness date from pure earnings and Allah accepts nothing but the pure verily Allah receives it with his right hand then he make s it arrest like the way one of you causes a dowry to grow until it becomes like a mountain.(Translation) Muslim BukhariSadaqaThe meaning of sadaqa is the giving of wealth to another as an act of worship and seeking to come closer to Allah Most High. It is an in force(p) barrier between the giver and evil. It repels trials and hardships and prevents an awful death. All of this is only by the permission of Allah and the giving of sadaqa is the cause which Allah has attached to these benefits. It is also used allegorically to conjure up to all acts of giving and kindness other than those involving wealth such as giving the greeting, smiling in your brothers face, seeking to solve a problem between two others for no gain to yourself, being attentive to your spouse in your bed and other actions.As the hadith says, giving of your wealth to another while physically between you and another human is an action received directly by Allah Most High. This has also been mentioned in the Qura nA lam talamoo anna Allaha huwa yaqbalu at-taubata an ibaadihi wa yakhudhu as-sadaqaati wa anna Allaha huwa at-tawaabu ar-raheem.Did you not know that Allah is the One who accepts repentence from his slaves and takes their charities and that Allah is the ever-Forgiving, the Merciful. (Translation) At-Tauba104Generally, the best way to give sadaqa is in secret, although it can also be done publicly. Sometimes it is actually crack to give publicly if that will encourage others to follow suit and increase the amount of giving among the Muslims. Because the Prophet (sas) said Whoever starts a good practice will get its reward and the reward of all those who do it after him without that decreasing his reward in the least and whoever starts a bad practice will get its sin and the sin of all those who do it after him without that diminishing their sin in the least. Allah saidIn tubdoo as-sadaqaati ta niimmaa hiya wa in tukhfoohaa wa tutoohaa al-fuqaraaa fa huwa khairun lakum wa yukaffiru ankum min sayyiaatikum wa Allahu bimaa tamaloona khabeerun.If you show your charitibal giving that is just fine and if you conceal it and give it to the needy that is soften for you and it will expiate for you some of your bad deeds and Allah is fully aware of all that you do. Al-Baqara271While giving may seem like a growing of ones wealth and putting it in a savings account or lending it out for interest may seem like an increase in ones wealth, the really it is quite the opposite. Allah saidYamhaqu Allahu ar-ribaa wa yurbiy as-sadaqaati wa Allahu laa yuhibbu kulla kaffaarin atheemin.Allah obliterates interest and causes charity to grow and Allah does not love every one of those extreme in disbelief and extreme in sin. Al-Baqara276Sadaqa, to be acceptable must be an act done for the sake of Allah with consciousness that what is being given is not truly yours or something you have earned or deserved. Rather, it is the feeding (rizq) of Allah and His privilege upon you and somethi ng which Allah has simply made you the temporary custodian (mustakhlaf) over. It was possessed by others before you and will be possessed by others after you.When one has this consciousness, then they will realize that the receiver is actually giving them a great gift and a great help by allowing them to worship and come close to Allah in this way and not the other way around. So Muslims of understanding will never humiliate or be weensy those to whom they give nor feel that they have done them a favor or that the receivers owe them anything like the ignorant and disbelieving do. If one does these things, it shows that their sadaqa is not genuine and it is invalidated and does them no good with Allah no case how big and generous it may be. Allah saidYaa ayyuhaa alladhina aamanoo laa tubtiloo sadaqaatikum bi al-manni wa al-adhaa ka alladhiy yunfiqu maalahu riaaa an-naasi wa laa yuminu bi Allahi wa al-yaumi al-aakhiri.O, you who believe do not invalidate your charities with claims o f generosity and harmfulness like the one who spends his wealth for the people to see but doesnt believe in Allah and in the Last Day. Al-Baqara264Islam encourages the giving of charity, but does not encourage the pickings of charity let alone asking for it. Since there are always among us those who need assistance, this means that it is obligatory upon those with the means to look for places to put their sadaqa such those in need never need to ask and seek their help. The Prophet (sas) saidAl-yadu al-ulyaa khairun min al-yadi as-suflaa wa ibda bi man taoolu wa khairu as-sadaqa maa kaana an dhahri ghinaa wa man yastafif yaiffuhu Allahu wa man yastighni yughnihi Allahu.The upper hand is superior to the lower hand. Start with those for whom you are responsible. The best charity is the one which leaves you free of need. Whoever abstains, Allah will dignify them and whoever maintains self-sufficiency, Allah will make them self-sufficient. Al-BukhariSadaqa is one of the seven things whi ch will get you spook in the Throne of Allah on the terrifying day of al-mahshar when there is no shade except for the shade of Allah. In the hadithSabaatun yudhilluhum Allahu fiy dhillihi yauma laa dhilla illa dhilluhu wa rajulun tasaddaqa bi sadaqatin fa ikhfaahaa hattaa laa talamu shimaaluhu maa tunfiqu yameenuhuSeven who Allahu will shade in His shade on the day when there is no shade except His shade and a man who gave something in charity secretly such that his left hand did not know what his right hand had given. Muslim BukhariBefore you think that your property is little or that you need to receive and not give, remember your standing before Allah. If two Muslims have a little and cling to it thinking I have only a little, then they will get no good deed from their wealth with which to face Allah. If the same two people give something of their minor wealth and, because Muslims are giving they also receive, they may end up with the same or more sustenance but also have a go od deed with which to face Allah Most High. Giving is win-win situationOn that day, we will need everything possible to help us. Do not neglect any opportunity to send something forward for that day. Even a tiny act of giving could be the critical particular proposition which determines your fate in the eternal hereafter. The Prophet (sas) saidMaa minkum min ahadin illa sayukallimuhu Allahu laisa bainahu wa bainahu turjumaan. Fa yandhuru aimana minhu falaa yaraa illa maa qaddama wa yandhuru ashama minhu falaa yaraa illa maa qaddam wa yandhuru baina yadaihi falaa yaraa illa an-naara tilqaaa wajhihi fa ittaqoo an-naara wa lau bi shiqqi tamratin.There is not one single one of you but that Allah will speak to him with no interpreter between them. He will look to his right and see nothing but what he has sent forth. He will look to his left and see nothing but what he has sent forth. He will look in expect of him and see nothing but the fire facing him. So beware of the fire even if w ith just half a date. Muslim BukhariSadaqh e jariyahTo spend in the path of Allah Taala by way of helping the Deen of Allah is highly creditable and rewarding. Reward gained through sadaqh e jariyah attains continues reward even after our death. Indeed fortunate are those who have gained such tremendous benefits and Insha Allah will succeed in the hereafter.Some of the common contributions made in this respect are donations towards the Masjid, building of Madrassahs, picture of Namaz, Yaseen Shareef, Durood and Salaam booklets etc. Undoubtedly these projects are required and should be encouraged because it benefits Islam.Hazrath Abu Hurairah (RadiAllahAnho) has reported the messenger of Allah has said, Among the actions and good deeds for which a believer will continue to receive reward, after his death, are knowledge which he taught and spread, a good son whom he left behind, or a copy of the Quran which he left as a legacy, or a mosque which he erected, or a house which he built for the traveller, or a stream which he caused to flow, or a Sadaqah which he gave from his property when he was alive and well, for which he will continue to receive reward after his death.The above hadith indicates various ways to attain the reward of Sadaqa e Jariyah, and building a House of Allah Taala is indeed one of the best form of Sadaqa-e-Jariyah.Riba/intrestRiba (Usury and Interest) According to Quran and SunnahRiba (Usury) is of two major kinds Riba An-Nasia Interest on lent moneyRiba Al-Fadl Taking a superior thing of the same kind of goods by giving more of the same kind of goods of inferior quality, eg, dates of superior quality for dates of inferior quality in great amounts.The definition of Interest, the literal meaning of interest or Al-Riba as it is used in the Arabic language means to excess or increase. In the Islamic terminology interest means effortless profits or that profit which comes free from compensation or that extra earning obtained that is free of exchange. Riba has been described as a loan with the condition that the borrower will return to the lender more than and better than the quantity borrowed. Due to the trend of interest money is going from the poor to the rich, whereas the rich are supposed to give money to the poor. Consequently, the rich are acquiring richer and the poor are becoming poorer. Islam completely prohibits interest as it clearly states in the QuranO you who believe, do not take interest, doubling and quadrupling, and keep your duty to Allah, so that you may proper.ConclusionOverall, I feel that it is a particular of life that poverty exists and no being can deny this fact and say that there is no poverty in the world. As Allah has created poverty he has also created enough wealth to support the poor, and needy. Allah has gave wealth to some people and poverty to some both are a test from god, the one who is likely to succeed is the one who gives his extra wealth to the needy if he is soaked or the on e who is patient and keeps faith in god if he is poor. The system of usury has been introduced in to the world but Islam says whoever restrains from usury and earns and spends his wealth loyally to Islam and pays zakah will indeed succeed in the next life.

AP Euro FRQ on Renaissance Essay Example for Free

AP Euro FRQ on Renaissance EssayEven though the renaissance had begun in main Italian city states by 1347, the rest of Europe was still basically Medieval in culture and outlook. Analyze how the Black finale ascribe an end on to this medieval culture and hastened the development of the renaissance.The bubonic plague, also known as Black Death invaded the bodies of 50% of the English population, flourishing them with welts, 104-degree temperatures, bruising, deplorable stench, coughing and death within 24 hours. This awful disease forced an end to the medieval ages, creating a new way of political, economical and cultural thinking, which right away we call the Renaissance. Through the inflation on silver, diminishing use of knights and castles and imposing parliaments on the king Europe was brought to a dawn of a new era, the Renaissance.When the Bubonic plague came to an end, the demand for peasants was at an all time high. This in turn gave the peasants an idea to demand m ore(prenominal) money for their work. The king had no problem paid more since his plan was to fill silver coins with half lead and lead peasants into inflation. Money would soon be have a go at it worth less than it had and the amount of coins would not crystalize up for the item being purchased. This kept the peasants stuck giving more money to the king to be grant more coins. Inflation on coinage in Europe leads to a surplus of money back into the royal family. Thus leading to the development of a renaissance lifestyle where the king traps peasants into giving more money to the throne and leading to a continuation of inflation for the next 6oo years.The loss of population from Black Death and the new ways of protection and young thinking from the 100-year way lead to modernization for Europe. France and England were fighting over the right of the French throne. A critical turning point was The Battle of Ageneout in 1415. The French had 1,750 knights compared to Englands 46 arch ers. When the action had begun the French proceeded to get stuck in the mud from the rain the previous night and the English archers killed, injured or captured all the Frenchmen.This battle marked the importance of archers over knights and a less amount of men in an army. Another idea taken out of medieval times was castles. cannon balls were being made to be able to crash down a castle, therefore making these structures useless to the now more modern European. Modernization began to come to use after the Black Death forced Europeans to change their way of living through the renaissance by removing use of knights and castle and alter to a more modern lifestyle of using archers in military force and living in gunpowder fortification rather than castles.After Black Death had wiped out nearly half of the peasant population in Europe, the king had to establish a new way to bring in revenue. His thoughts directed towards burdensome the rich considering the poor had nothing to give. T his idea angered merchants, clergy and nobles and gave them an idea to make in turn with the king. If the king were to tax the merchants and clergy, they had the right to form parliaments. These parliaments took away the index number of the king and stopped him from abusing his throne through taxation and government decisions, thus destroying the medieval way of power and leading to a modern way of government typified by the Renaissance.

Recent Copyright Battles For Music And Movies Media Essay

Recent right-hand(a) of first publication Battles For Music And Movies Media EssayAs a fact, one of the principles of American uprightness is that the author of a particular product within a certain period of time can reap the fruits of their intellectual creations. Copyright is a striving of protection that U.S. law provides an original kit and boodle of authorship, it includes including literary, dramatic, musical, architectural, cartographic, choreographic, pantomimic, graphic, sculptural, and audiovisual creative works.The term copyright literally means the right to copy.Today, this term is de noning the set of exclusive rights provided by law to authors in terms of protection of their works.Copyright owner has the exclusive right to reproduce, distri plainlye, and in the eccentric of certain works, to public perform or endanger the work create derivative works and grant the right of others to do the same on certain conditions.Copyright protection does not extend to whatev er idea, procedure, process, slogans, principles or discoveries.It should be noted that intellectual property in the United States is secured by the Constitution of the United States and by number of different regulatory acts. As a fact, Uruguay Round Act Agreements have restored copyright to certain foreign works that are protected by copyright in the country of origin, but were in the public domain in the United States. Also, abolished outdated provisions of the Law on Amendments to the Act of software products (1990) established legal procedures to prevent unofficial recording and distribution of sound recordings non studious performances of music and music mental pictures, as say in Copyright Battles argon About Controlling New Technologies.Copyright infringement involves the unauthorized owner dissemination of material protected by copyright, such(prenominal) as software, music, movies, gives, computer games. Intellectual property rights are protected by the laws of well-n igh countries. Copyright infringement is usually understood as followsMake a copy and its changes agreementMake a copy and send it to somebody elseIn some cases, the resale of legally purchased copies.In this essay I would like more closely consider music and movies copyright infringement and describe true controversies between supporters and opponents of further hard copyright defending.As a rule, illegal distribution of movies/TV shows copies with recording them to CD/DVD disk and by write and distribution over social computer networks or earnings,can be carried out in order to take profit (sale of counterfeit products in shops, stalls) and without (distribution of copies of films on local area networks via the Internet, share movies with friends).Commercial products of this kind is characterized by that may appear before the official release of the movie (known cases of appearance in the sale unfinished working version of the film stolen from a film crew).The recording quali ty can be a genuinely concede a authorize copy, and virtually has no different from it depending on how the copy and the further processing.There is a system of symbols types of unauthorized copies that are distributed over a network (abbreviations added to the file), as described in The Record Industry Continues Battle Against Free Music DownloadsIt can be said that illegal copying and distribution of musical compositions copies includes the sale of music albums on audio cassettes and compact discs.By audio piracy concerns and disseminate music over computer networks.Exchange of musical compositions in the Internet took a truly grand scale through the development of P2P-technology.There are more different peer networks, with millions of participants and terabytes of music.It should be noted that one of the most famous cases in copyright field was Capitol vs. Thomas. Jammie Thomas-Rasset (was born in 1977) is a U.S. citizen who was sued by Capitol Records because of file sharing . Her case is considered as a precedent.She is accused of having distributed 24 songs on Kazaa file-sharing hosting. Her case is considered as the first of several thousand cases in which action is taken under the aegis of the RIAA legal action against illegal file sharing.She was ab initio sentenced by a court to claim damages in the amount of 222 000 U.S. dollars.The sentence was later overturned because of procedural error. The process was due to the decision of mark Michael J. Davis in September 2008, negotiated by U.S. District Court in Duluth, Minnesota again.It was initially questioned the validity of the evidence. As a fact, on June 18, 2009 Jammie Thomas was sentenced to a all right of 1.92 million U.S. dollars. After the sentence Joe Sibley, her lawyer went to appeal.As a fact, in January 2010, Judge Michael Davis reduced the fine to 2 250 dollars per song. Consequently, she has to pay a $54,000 fine. The prosecution and defense reaction went against the verdict.In Nov ember 2010, the jury has spoken in the third case against Jammie Thomas the verdict.She was sentenced to a total compensation of $1.5 million.The jury was set for each of Jammie Thomas universal songs 62,500 dollars.The defense has over U.S. media and already announced further steps against the verdict. However, this process is not the only case of music intellectual property infringements, as stated in The Battle Over Music Piracy. In my opinion, an increasing number of such cases show determination of intellectual property owners to fight without any compromises.It is no doubt that music and movie industry around the world brings a lot of money.Consequently, this activity is directly linked with phenomenon audio and video piracy. Audio/video piracy is the illegal production and distribution audio/video discs or cassettes with stored music/movie phonograms (records). Illegal, it is called because it is made without the knowledge and consent of the author and producer of the phono gram (copyright holders) i.e.in violation of copyright and related rights in musical/movies works and the proper track.In order to understand the essence of the above offenses, you need to imagine the temper of copyright.With respect to subscriber line entity music/video copyright can be explained as follows. Copyright is a right arising from any person whose creative lawsuit has created some work. Most of all it is the authors of words and music. Creator of the product has the right to be recognized as author of the work, can authorizeor require the use of the product under the name of the author or under a pseudonym he has the right to publish a product.Adjacent to the right is a right that arises from the producer of the phonogram.This is a legal person, on the initiative, by which forces and means was recording of music performance (soundtrack).Owners of related rights in the record business often are the record companies.As a rule, owners of copyright and related rights (rights holders) are entitled to remuneration for each form of exploitation of musical works and phonograms, including printing and distribution of works and phonograms on physical media. Naturally, in case of duplicating and distributing buccaneerd works and phonograms owners do not receive remuneration. Audio piracy can not be considered as only U.S. phenomenon,it rather refers to the phenomena of countries that do not collide in this phenomenon.(An example often cited Japan).During 2008, the number sold in the world of pirate music CDs has increased by 950 million units (almost 50-percent growth per year) and reached a record in the history of the mark in 1.9 billion.This is evidenced by the report of the planetary Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).Growth trends persist even today, as described in Copyright Battles Are About Controlling New Technologies.As a fact, for the prosperity of piracy in the world, there are good preconditions.Firstly, it is standard of liv ing in different countries.CDs are not essential commodities.This is not food, for that incessantly pays as much as requested, so buyers are choosing the cheaper pirated products. Secondly, only the government can solve this worry, if show its interest, which is not visible in so-called tertiary world countries.Audio piracy is a serious, profitable, well-organized business, to defeat which needs a serious legislative framework and the will of the executive power.Here you can apace earn good money, and the risk of serious punishment is still minimal, so that piracy continues to flourish.It seems that the fight against audio/video piracy must be conducted in three main areas1.Law enforcement activities.2.Courting.3.Corporate regulation.As a fact, we are well aware that law enforcement do not consider serious becoming fight for copyrights, despite all the efforts in this area are undertaken by interested associations and organizations.All of these efforts, unfortunately, do not gi ve the desired effect.You do very well penetrate that if a policeman should be wrestling with robbery and banditry, and thus to check the contents of the neighboring stall, which sold counterfeit tapes, of course, in a stall, he will be the last step.And he came back and got a small kickback for the family, will consider its task accomplished.Unfortunately, this happens all the time, and we all know that. wherefore it is difficult to say that governments of many countries is actively fighting piracy, despite the seizures, raids on warehouses and factories that produce pirated products.This is only a few cases and they are in any case do not show the trend. Trend is until enough permissive, as described in The Battle Over Music Piracy.As for the discriminatory part of the fight against piracy, then there are obvious signs.The courts in CIS countries, Russia and China finally began to consider such claims, and already understand how they should act. notwithstanding, given the total workload of our judicial system, there is nothing that can be joyful. Apparently, the judicial decisions that protect the interests of copyright holders can be counted on the fingers.Third it is corporate regulation.Those who are interested in protecting copyright and related rights are and must make special efforts to ensure that these rights are somehow protected.I mean associations, producers and record companies. The purpose of such associations is to develop a unified strategy behavior in the market for replacement audio piracy with market economic levers.Among such measures could be introducing a special brand owner, to prevent unfair competition, development of a unified pricing policy, etc.It remains to note that achieving positive results requires hard work on all three fronts. Otherwise, there is no any unexpected police raid, there is no optimization of legislative regulation, or self-sacrificing work of associations and corporations in various market segments, the resu lts did not yield.It should be mentioned that today, in Brazil is preparing legislation that will change the whole system upside down.They want to formally take on file-sharing (with a pair of paying dollars for the right to use) and to prohibit harassment sharing services and their consumers.If this law came into force, Brazil will be offshore which will expire all the social networking and file sharing, which got the authorities of individual countries, including United States.And the prosecution games will be simply impossible, as stated in Copyright Battles Are About Controlling New Technologies.As a fact, current trends are aimed against the copyright holders. On January 1, 2006 was founded the first Pirate Party in the world. Its aim is the abolition of copyright and patent law and, thus, the legalization of piracy.The first among similar parties, it has succeeded at the highest level of legislation and in 2009 received one seat in the European Parliament of the 18 seats all otted to Sweden. Following the Swedish Pirate Party were founded US Pirate Party, the Pirate Party of Germany and others.A typical political platform of a pirate party contains such provisions and requirementsReduction of copyright term.The real copyright term at the moment is about four generations, which many believe is a prohibitively long time.And al slipway prolongs term has no different from the eternal protection.Legislative prohibition of secret information-gathering about privacy.Preventing censorship via the Internet. small-arm it does not exist, however, the assurances of the US Pirate Party, its appearance in the U.S. is a matter of time.To sum it up, I would like to say that society should look for other ways to combat the scourge.And here are two waysTo give people reasonable, not so high prices for products of intellectual property, licensing content to make cheap and fondEnable file sharing, to cease harassment of consumers, merchants, to pursue only pirates (usin g media), and sites that sell pirated files from their servers.Moreover, it should not be prohibited to give a friend a book to read, a movie to watch. These are the things on that commerce and profiting to pursue, primarily due to the fact that they do not pay royalties.They can be and are adroit to pay the author, but the exclusive rights to works from publishers, and they inflate their prices to avoid competition and pursue pirates (competitors) under the law.That is to the detriment of both author and consumer.I think that the problem is that consumers have fewer opportunities of access to culture and education, since all it is too expensive. Even the publishers in a wacky situation they spend huge amounts of money on lawyers, PR (published in the media) and GR (working with officials).Their money does not pay off.Everyone would be better to move to a new system with a much cheaper intellectual property.Butmonopoly and collusion publishers do not allow us to move forward into a new era of direct relations between authors and their readers/fans.

Divakarunis Narrative Techniques

Divakarunis Narrative TechniquesNarrative is a telling of more or less invented and true make upts or linked series of events, described by a bank clerk (even though whitethorn be more than than one of each). Narratives be to be identified from descriptions of situation, state, or qualities, and also from theatrical performance of events even if a theatrical work may also comprise annals speeches. A yarn will reside on a set of actions recounted in a procedure of discourse or narration, in which the events atomic number 18 arranged and selected in a particular regulate as a plot. As Abbott defined it, Narrative is the representation of events, consisting of boloney and record discourse, accounting is an event or sequence of events (the action), and narrative discourse is those events as represented1. The category of narratives contains both the shortest descriptions of events and the longest biographical or historical works plus travelogues, diaries in addition to short s tories, b all t honest-to-goodness(a)ads, unfermenteds, epics, and other fictional forms. In the record of fiction, it is normal to divide the short stories and refreshings into third person narratives and first person narratives. Thus,Rather than foc victimisation on general, abstract situations or trends, stories ar accounts of what happened to particular passel and of what it was want for them to literalise what happened in particular circumstances and with specific consequence. Narrative, in other words, is a basic human strategy for coming to terms with time, process, and tilt a strategy that contrasts with, but is in no way inferior to, scientific modes of explanation that geekize phenomena as instances of general c overing laws. 2As an adjective, narrative stands for characterized by or concerning to allegorytelling. Therefore, narrative technique is the way of telling stories, and narrative poetry is the group of poems including verse romances, ballads, and epic that tells stories, as different from speech communication and dramatic poetry. But, to be categorized as a narrative, an event sequence must therefore involve some kind of noneworthy disruption of an sign state of equilibrium by an unanticipated and often untoward event or chain of events 3.Factually speaking, narrative is a story and it do- zilch be pull uped all the way through poetry, pictures, speech, songs, non-fiction, and fiction as well. When in the writing form, its telling is demoted to a special person it becomes a method utilize by that person. This person who is assigned the task of narration is the narrator and his observant serves as a figure or gem through which ideas be passed on to the lecturers. Narrative technique is very much an artistic venture. Thus,The narrative is virtually conflict.The narrative is or so the temporality of existence.The narrative is nigh problem solving.The narrative is ab place human eff.The narrative is nearly interper sonal relations.A narrator holds the present, detains past and gets brisk the reader for future. Usually, these techniques ar explained by the points of view in the story. There are three points to present a narrative the narrator takes part in the action and also comments on the incidents, third person viewpoint when the narrator narrates the story in an objective way, and omniscient viewpoint where the narrator is like God and potbelly also make his existence felt with authorial interruptions. A narrator has a surfeit of options to describe events. He can base his narrative on causality and temporality or he can narrate all the way through vocalization. Vocalization alters the path of the narrative as the reader gets ensures of character by the impression of the narrator. It employs three dimensional approach one who sees, his discerningity of events, and the voice of one who narrates.An exceptional feature of prose fiction calls narration and explanation as the manners of the story presented. By applying the device of narration, a prose fiction writer tells her tales by assembling actions in her tine sequence. This method of narration may turn the story understandable and bring it lively to the readers imagination. On the other hand, the explanation of the prose can be both psychological and physical so that it brings feelings and scene to the thoughts of the readers. As a result, through the description and the narration utilize, the readers of a prose fiction will be competent to understand the story well.Moreover, jibe to Abrams, the novel is also defined as an extended narrative covering a wide range of characters and experience (1958). Furthermore, the novel opens up wider possibilities for the direct communication of experiences as there is the more private relationship between reader and writer (Shipley, 1962). So, both the writer and the reader can share the everyday experience, because most novels concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in which they find themselves (Peck and Coley, 1984).This chapter seeks to provide an accessible introduction to key ideas to the highest degree narrative technique with the special reference of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and an overview of the major approaches to narrative inquiry. It will also register multiple perspectives on the study of Divakarunis novels. It will furnish a synoptic account of this airfield of investigation. So, narrative technique is an approach in which stories can be viewed as supporting more communicative and cognitive activities. Divakaruni writes about the real mirror image of cultural evils or problems. Besides, she also reflects herself as an immigrant in the U.S.A. She is an Indian immigrant who group up in America it makes her a medical specialist in blending two cultures, both Indian and American.The major hypothesis behind the study is that narrative discourse or dialogue is created out of the fundamental interaction of the cultural reunions as they are coded in readers activity and the languages in discussing the meanings generated by the text. The helpful method is non personal in that it does non depend on the personal feelings of reader and writer nor impersonal in that human are being essentially involved. The present study focuses on this inter-subjective sphere continued with a whole set of narrative actions that are of great implication in the fiction writers craft.It is believed that the texts by women writers reproduce an extensive range of specific appropriation of the drift and language they use on a daily basis and that the feminist novel completes its picture of the world as it is seen by women. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar in The Madwoman in the Attic The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination (1979) train traced out that there are assiduous images in womens writings which points out that women writers try to express their restrictions and their confineme nt, by they cannot express their themes and images in their usual language for that reason their language is a double-voiced discourse. Therefore, a portrayal of the double-voiced discussion will forever and a day be a multifaceted and miscellaneous undertaking because the feminist critic almost contradictory must make an effort to look for meaning there. The course for specifically egg-producing(prenominal) images and themes is a frequently critic work out. Myth criticism has also proved to be rewarding for a study of womens fiction, and more studies depend on structuralism and deconstructive process.Writers use different styles and techniques in order to explain their experiences or practices. As Jasbir Jain remarks while discussing this in her article sexual practice and Narrative StrategyWomen writers while evolving narrative strategies are faced with double problem how to step out of the frame-work defined by men and patriarchal determine and how to identify and create a tradition of their own.4Women writers are faced with a dual mind state when writing out their stories the fact is that they are the writers who are writing about unique feeling and experiences dissimilar from that of ordinary men, as well as the reality that they are women. When they seek to do well in their writing, they have to increase above their feeling of gender unfairness or inequality. This is more appropriate for a feminist writer who tries to give air to the pixilated feelings of fury and bigotry a recumb downst the oppression and injustice of women she sees around her. In order to make such(prenominal) observations genuinely the woman writer resorts to a variety of narrative strategies. Jasbir Jain continues,When the experience which is being narrated flows against the current, is unconventional or unusual, is radical in its standpoint, or display a strength which may be best dampen for the time being, strategy is resorted to. There is no hesitation in laying a false trail or employing subterfuge. Moreover, it is never the same, for them it would become a theory. It may be imaged, or landscape, or scriptural references, or characters, or subplot, or structure which is being utilize for this purpose and waiting to be decoded. 5Thus, the women writers use lots of techniques in order to build spaces for themselves at different levels. How far they are at variance from the writing of men is a question that is not easy to answer. But Jasbir Jain further says that,It is not a difference of form one cannot say that men write about external facts and women about internal intent one cannot also say that men write about thickly inhabited worlds and women do write about the responses of women of the shadows which they alone can see and the anguish they alone can feel. It is a difference of perspective. 6Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni has struggled with contemporary subjects and a range of themes- marginalization, marriage, motherhood, conflicts, mothering , class, individuation, woman as mother, wife, sister and lastly til now considerable woman as a human being not just as a second sex or sex object. She seeks distrustful about customs and tradition, yet she finds out in their heritage the keys for the longings and needs of women in current time. She is recentist writer since her writing highlights the idea of the trivial woman with an endocentric set up, widespread in the non first world and the first world. In her works, insights take preference over the compulsion of technique. She recognizes the paradoxes in a given area and also pays an ideological, cultural, philosophical, artistic struggle. In this sense, the author hypothesizes the sign of modernism, ego, freedom, love, sex as challenging through her modern emotional responses.Divakaruni writes a lot of narration speakers to have A clear windowpane in the characters, which is placen by the narration of Indian culture value voices as an Indian person in the adopted land, who engages in the cultural conflicts. Like Charles said in the San Jose Mercury news,Divakarunis narrative in Vine of want is as gracefully structured as a piece of chamber music, with its interplay of themes and voices, ensemble and solo, working their way toward a final resolving chord. If you find yourself counting the pages left in the book, its likely to be because you wish there were many, many more. 7A clear window seems to be like the tools of communication between the reader and the writer. Another quality which makes Divakaruni becomes one of the best writers is she offers her readers a window into the multicultural world of her characters. She said, I have no particular reader in my mind but a passionate desire to tell an unsophisticated moving story. She adds, If it is good literature, I know as all sensitive writers know, the reader and the writer will connect8.In The Vine of Desire (2002), Divakaruni writes about the mirror image of Indian immigrant in the U.S.A., w hich is in contrast with the culture of the adopted land. Here in this novel through Sudha and Anju, she exemplifies a contrasting perspective between the bounty required of women in India and the occasional freedom offered in their adopted land. The portrayal of the characters outer and inner worlds bring a rich emotional to the story about two women who learn to build peace with the complicated choices which circumstances forced upon them. There are some other novels also with this same concept such as Mistress of Spices (1997) and cigaret of Dream (2004), where the protagonist gone through the sense of rootlessness.Divakarunis originality and talent lie in her technique of narration. She has used various techniques in writing such as alternative narrative, first and third person narrative, stream of consciousness, letter and diary writing, myth and magic naturalism particularly to express disordered and tragic condition of Indian immigrants while establishing themselves to the new civilization.As magic and myth have been a perpetual source of themes for literary writers all over the world since times immemorial. Therefore, magic realism is an artistic genre or style of fiction in which magical essentials combines with the real world. In this technique the story explains these magical elements as real episodes presented in a direct way places fantastic and the real in the similar stream of thought, it is originated in the German art criticism of painting of Weimer Republic and invented by Franz Roh. Hypothetically, the term was born in the twentieth cytosine linking it to post modernism and for this reason it is used in modern fiction to blend fantastic and fabulous events in a narrative to uphold reliable tone of objective genuine report. It ascribes a novel the characteristics like fable, folktale, legend, myth, fantasy, romance, dream, meta narration, mysticism, especially related to the culture. In Brenda Coopers words,Magical realism attempts to cap ture reality by way of a depiction of lifes many dimensions, seen and unseen, visible and invisible, rational and the process, such writers walk a political tightrope between capturing this reality and providing precisely the exotic escape by some of their western readership. 9Divakarunis magical realism is to bridge the gap between present and past state of affairs and its prolific entreaty for Indian immigrants who suffers from miscellaneous kinds of tensions is actually a phenomenon. She successfully used magic realism in her first novel, The Mistress of Spices (1997). She reveals characteristics like self-presentation, visions, eclecticism, mythology, folktales, discontinuity, saying, multiplicity, fables, Bengali culture and tradition to assert appropriating her identity all over the world.The central character in the present novel Tilo has a magic power that becomes the owner of spice shop where she is a master of all spices and speaks to them as characters to resolve the trou bles of people in the real world with the assist of magic. She creatively applied magic on Indian immigrants particularly to impart them their heart desires and to overcome their suffering. Spices, legends and myth are beautifully put together by her for the relaxation of people and their psychological, mental, physical problems.So, In order to portray magic realism Divakaruni formed such a character like Tilo who is born in India. She defeats the pirate captain to become a pirate queen and after that she lives on the spice island where she is educated in the art of controlling and listening to the spices. This remote island is a place of protection for these women, who call themselves the Mistresses of Spices and are beneath the concern of the First Mother, the wisest and the eldest teacher. After current skills of the art, she is sent to Oakland, California, to a small Indian spice shop Spice Bazaar where she must begin her tasks of curing the masses. The first rule is that to su rvive a life of bachelor and never to yield carnal desires secondly not to leave her place thirdly, if she doesnt pursue these rules, there is no outcome of spices on people. So, she is warned by her mother not to fall in love with anyone. She should be a virtuous, sincere, and pure while applying the magic of spices and otherwise she will lose her power over all spices. Old One says,But let me ask you certain you wish to become mistress? It is not to let to choose an easier life. Are you ready to give up your Young body, to take and age and ugliness and unending service? Ready never to step out of the places where you are set down, throw in or school or healing house? Are you ready never to love any but the spices again? 10As per as the above illustration in concerned we can understand that spices play a very of the essence(predicate) role in the novel. India is the land of various spices as Chilly, Sesame, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Asafetida, Tulsi, Fenugreek, Brahmi, etc. for Tilo th ese are nothing but characters similar to other human beings who speak to her. Thus, here the use of legendary stories juxtaposing with spices relates to different cultural stories.The author strikes a fragile balance between fantasy and realism in her other novels also. In all her books like Sister of My Heart (1999), Queen of Dream (2004), and castling of Illusion (2008) there is a mixture of fantasy and realism. Sister of My Heart has numerous reference of Bidhata Purush, whom the mother visits frequently to get knowledge about the future. The old tales say this also In the wake of Bidhata Purush come the demons, for this is the worlds nature, good and evil mingled. That is why they leave an oil lamp burning11. The incident of fathers death in the caves of Sunderban, where a one thousand million rubies grew up and the caves protected by demons are all essentials of fantasy. All these are elements of fantasy which are intermingled with the story. But they are very well appended i n the text. make up in Queen of Dreams also Rakhis mother can forecast peoples future with her dreams and assist them to get out of the nastiest situations. While describing the common experiences of the Indian diasporic society, Queen of Dreams creates an Indian-American experience with magic realism. The narrative of this novel presents the connection between the subconscious and wakefulness. The author has whirled a delightful story of a second generation immigrant Rakhi who is trying to wear her identity, with her dream-interpreting mother contributing to the mystery and magic. Her mother Mrs. Gupta interprets dreams the other peoples lives depend on her, used to warn them and aid them because of her, a dream is a telegram from the transcendental world12. The essence of the whole novel rests on the words of Mrs. Gupta as she explains the dream and construes the meaning of it. Thus, this novel portrays an amusing typical tale of self-discovery which is full of supernatural el ements, mystery, suspense, and real experiences of an immigrant.In this novel, Mrs. Guptas profound past and her secret working of the present is brought to light through her dream journals posthumously. Her dream journals are only her longing memories of her past life in the caves with the elder which actually ascertains her cultural identity. In her journal she describes herself as an essential part of the group. The author used the first person singular narrative to describe her inner feeling,The dream comes heralding joy.I welcome the dreamThe dream comes heralding sorrow.I welcome the dream.The dream is a mirror showing me my beauty.I signalize the dream.My life is nothing but a dream.From which I will wake into death,Which is nothing but a dream of life. 13Divakaruni is stylistically different she uses the cabal of first person and third person narrative joined with flashback devices to provide realism and force in the novel. The writer used the flashback in time using a typ e of methods such as retelling of memories and dream sequences. Flashback breaks in a narratives linear time flow. She deals with the heroines self-analysis and also tries to include several other themes. To gain the concern of the reader, sometime she evades the simple technique of straight forward narration and takes up the flashback method. Divakarunis novels begin in the present but for a while move back and onward in time. As we know how much important characters are in a story and Chitra Banerjee usually portrays women characters as a protagonist. Her story focuses on the life of a woman specially an immigrant. Through them she tries to depict their inner feeling and experiences. Though we know the characters and their dialogues play a very important role to narrate a story. Characters can be approached from a lot of theoretical points of view, each yielding a different theory and conception of the characters. In widest sense,Character designates any entity, individual or col lective normally human or human-like introduced in a work of narrative fiction. Characters thus exist at bottom storyworlds, and play a role, no matter how minor, in one more of the states of affairs or events told about in the narrative. Character can be succinctly defined as storyworld participant.14Not only the characters but their dialogues also play an important role regarding to the narrative technique. On behalf of the voices of characters in a story is an profound way of stimulating a narrative. An essential aspect of how we memorize and grow close to fictional characters is the way they speak. Chitra Banerjee tries to take her readers into the mind of the protagonist who put some light on her condition and all loose strings are tied at the end. The first person narration also permits the author to analyze deep into the mind of the protagonist, exposing her frustrations and fear. First-person narration is a style where a tale is narrated by one character at a time, talk ing for and about them. First-person narrative may be plural, singular or several as well as being a reliable, authoritative or illusory voice. This allows the audience or reader to see the point of view including thoughts, feeling, and opinions only of the narrator. Divakaruni, in the Authors note, says that,I was left unsatisfied by the portrayals of the women.they remain shadowy figures, their thoughts and motives mysterious, their emotions portrayed only when they abnormal the lives of the male heroes, their roles ultimately subservient to those of their fathers or husband, brothers and sons. If I ever wrote a book.I would place the women in the forefront of the action. I would uncover the story that lay invisible between the lines of the mens exploits. 15Draupadi, in Divakarunis The Palaces of Illusions (2008), voyages from being a woman frequently made the issue of narration by patriarchal narratives of becoming a woman who personally narrates itself, in the process, conqueri ng the narratives that have created her womanhood through the countries. By becoming both the agent of the action and narrator, Draupadi picked up the voice of womanhood. This novel generates an impression that among all accounts of the Draupadis story, this one is the most genuine because Draupadi herself enacts and narrates the story of her life apparently without an authorial interruption. Draupadi wants to liberally sing the song of her own life which is multivalent, colourful, and complex. She says,Id vie a crucial role in bringing them to their destiny. Id shared their hardship in Khandav. Id helped them design this unique palace which so many longed to see. If they were pearls, I was the flamboyant wire on which they were strung. Alone, they would have scattered, each to his dusty corner.16Hence, the life of Draupadi, a renowned woman character of ancient India, comes in close proximity to the modern times. It is the energy and fire in Draupadi plus the strength to fight fo r discrimination. Her multifaceted quality makes her the most majestic and mysterious women for all ages. The novel begins with her fanatical interest of life. Once she said,Through the long, lonely years of childhood, when my fathers place seemed to tighten its grip around me until I couldnt breathe, I would go to my nurse and ask for a story. And though she knew many wondrous and edifying tales, the one I made her tell me over and over was the story of my birth. I think I liked it so much because it made me feel special, and in those days there was little else in my life that did. 17Such manifold narration of her own lifes story offers Draupadi with a critical insight into her story. She not only acts in response to the events narrated but also critical views other peoples responses to the actions or events of her life. As a result, Divakaruni used this technique very well by narrating the story of her protagonists through their own words. We can usually find a first person narrat ive in her works where the protagonist tells us about her own life, inner feeling, experiences, etc. The author has created wonderful female characters. She always gave focus on her female figures like Anju, Sudha, Tilo, Rakhi, Mrs. Gupta, and so on.Even in her novel The Mistress of Spices, Chitra Banerjee quotes by her heroine about who is she and what her significance as a mistress of spices in the opening of her novel. She narrates such as,I am a mistress of spices. I can work the others too. Mineral, metal, earth and sand and stone. The gems with their cold clear light. The liquids that burn their hues into your eyes till you see nothing else. I learned them all on the island. But the spices are my love.In a whisper they yield up to me their hidden properties, their magic powers. 18Thus, her novels are usually written in first person and thoroughly hold the reader. The chapters in Divakarunis novels are named after the central characters. In Sister of My Heart and Vine of Desire the chapters are alternatively named after Anju and Sudha. This is a very exclusive pattern of writing which evidently brings out the internal feelings of the protagonists. Even in Queen of Dreams the chapters are separated between the Form the Dream journals-the diary of Rakhis mother and Rakhi. The journals are read by Rakhi and her father. These dream journals are the disclosure of Ms. Guptas life as a dream teller. Further in her novel Mistress of Spices she has chosen yet another different way. She has named the chapters of the novel on the names of spices. It is written with a amalgamation of poetry and prose. This book is very spiritual in its features and as Divakaruni says, I wrote in a spirit of play, collapsing the divisions between the realistic world of twentieth century America and the timeless one of myth and magic in my attempt to create a modern fable19. Except all this she also used techniques of letter, diary, and storytelling to amend her work and make it inter esting for the readers.It is noticed that Chitra Banerjee makes a careful use of satire, irony or yet humour, which are the features of remarkable works of art. Blazes of irony are apparent in one or two episodes in a couple of novels but they do not seem to be integrated advisedly by the writers. The ironical circumstances in the lives of the protagonists are scattered here and there in approximately all her novels.In Divakarunis novels satire is more apparent. Her female protagonists who are trying to understand their country of acceptance face ironical situation. In Sister of Heart Sudha comes to America with the purpose that she would be having an innate electrical condenser to bring up her daughter Dayita better life but she has no idea that this would mess up her bond with her sister of heart Anju. Further, In Queen of Dreams the main protagonist Rakhi and her friends are second age group Indians, they think that America is the only country that they fit in. But their indivi duality is also questioned during the attacks of family 11. Irony is enormously well-known in the works of Divakaruni. The writer makes use of myths to improve the imaginative consequence of the novel. Indian writers in English have derived encouragement from the wealth of matter available in the appearance of stories from the Mahabharata, the Ramanaya, and the Puranas plus local folklore and legends. The most regularly used figures from Indian legends is of course Sita, who is well thought-out as the sit down woman.In Divakarunis novels, there are no straightforward allegories made but one can depict equivalent with the mythological and legendary women in her works. In Sister of my Heart Sunils father enjoys by proclaiming offensive passages about women from the Hindu scriptures. In India her protagonists are anticipated to go behind the footsteps of the legendary women figures. Divakarunis latest novel Palace of Illusions is also predicated on the mythological figure Draupadi. I n this novel Divakaruni has illustrated The Mahabharata from Draupadis point of view.Amusingly, even though education and the power of the feminist movement, many prejudices turnabout of women still persevere. For the contemporary human being, the past becomes obsolete or if it subsists, it no longer exhibits itself as it was. For this reason, the past must be defined again according to the understanding of each human being. Chtira Banerjee endeavors to come to stipulations with the past in the Ecoian way The past since it cannot really be destroyedmust be revisited but with irony, not innocently. (Umberto Eco p, 67) Thus, the novelist cross-examines the practice of mind emblazoned by the past.It is quite clear here that the protagonists of the novelist like Tilo, Sudha, Anju, Panchali, Rakhi all get free of modesty or humility so as to act in agreement with their inner voice. They are all in fact directed by the spirit while with an ironic equilibrium between faith and disbelief. To them, unfathomable feeling comes out as a later day psychology where Moksha is classified again in relation to the discovery of the Atman (here self, not soul) and the real magic is marked by a novel the sense of lifes path. Chitra Banerjee has nothing to do with the reality that life is not a sequence of show lamps. By the primary use of HOPE chiefly in the conclusion of her novels to pass on a wider human point of view i.e. life is totally changeable and has to be lived through hope as Frye suggestsIrony presents a human conflict which unlike a comedy, a romance or even a tragedy, is unsatisfactory and incomplete unless we see in it significance beyond itself. Something, typical of the human situation as a whole. 20Divakaruni is a intelligent writer who uses sensual language to make the novel exciting, besides she is also dramatic and lyrical imaginative writer.

The Real Chocolate Company Marketing Essay

The hearty Chocolate Company Marketing EssayThe received Chocolate Company is a Gourmet deep brown guild that offers a wide range of products as well as handmade epicure chocolate. They specialise in organic chocolates and apply over 100 varieties of chocolate making them a potential threat to companies such as Heresy and Ferrero-Rocher. The lodge was identified as one of the fastest growing small public companies this is fit to the information provided in the shift study. This assignment will look at the current strategic position of the touchable chocolate company, as well as their range of products and services. This assignment will also look at the key stake holders and the strategic purpose followed by an in-depth look at the strategist intent, impertinent AnalysisExternal Analysis examines the opportunities and threats that existing in the current environment in which the business practices. In every business opportunities exist and threats independently and in the ev er changing markets opportunist and threats nooky emerge rapidly. In this section I will use pestle and porters 5 forces to examine the threats and opportunities1.1PESTLE AnalysisThreatsThe Real Chocolate company as well as almost every company that sells goods and services, must comply with government regulations in the country thy operate in, it undersurface become a threat if the regulation change on the amount of chocolate that can be produced and consumed, according to (Morone, 2002) the obesity levels in the US agree reached an all-time high and fast food and confectionery good such as Chocolate and sweets are to blame, this external force can threaten the Real chocolate company.Taxes on candy and other legislations would need the cost of chocolates and confectionery products, this threat could seriously affect the strong chocolate company, as the company do not sell their goods in local stores they are at a bigger disadvantage, but as products are made in store and by ha nd production can be stopped relatively easily.Health concerns can also affect the sales of the chocolate despite the fact that blackened chocolate has numerous health benefits, but when taken irresponsibly can have a negative affect. As mentioned earlier, obesity is one concern that seems to be affecting very business and companies have to create healthier alternatives.Prices of raw materials could increase and decrease depending on the stability of the economy and or the market, in the case of environment wheatear conditions in cocoa farms can become harsh and affect the amount of coca produce, with limited supplies the demand for coca will be high and the price for the raw material will be greater. This is the main threat that the real chocolate company faces, unlike other problems that can be figure out with creating healthier alternatives, this threat cannot be fixed unless the real chocolate company invested in their own coca farmOpportunitiesYoung people are suitable to a greater extent independent from a younger age therefore they should become the target market for gourmet chocolate the real chocolate company, this group can serve as a potential opportunity to increase sales.Improvement of the company website can allow for better packaging of products as well as greater networking opportunities such as increasing client portfolio and hopeful gain international clients thus improving the companies chances of being successful overseas.Following Ferrero-Rochers designed of their packages the real chocolate company should package their products in a unique design that helps them stand of from the competition, also they can take advantage of their varieties and package each accompaniment chocolate in its personal package, this could be costly but it will include public awareness of the company.Join the health bandwagon, the real chocolate company can use the obesity threat to their advantage by creating more helter alternatives, it would help if the company stressed the fact that their product is health compared to the competitions.1.2 Porter 5 forcesAssess the competitive environment to find the threats and opportunities that the real chocolate company faces in their market.Rivalry in the chocolate industry is very high, according to the research conducted in other assignments the market is highly competitive, this means that more experienced companies in the market will have larger growth and greater returns compared to the real chocolate company, this threat means that the Real Chocolate company would need to create a new strategy in order to compete outright with the larger rivalsSuppliers have the most power in the chocolate industry as stated earlier, in the even a war or prevail conditions affect the coca supplies the price of chocolate will rise, this means the real chocolate company needs to pay more and to cover the cost would have to increase price. According to (Wearden, 2011) coca prises are on the rise this mea ns that suppliers will have an even greater power over the real chocolate factory.Entry into the market is high but as the real chocolate sells organic gourmet chocolate they are not in immediate risk of infection from new generic chocolate companies entering the market.Internal AnalysisThis section will identify the internal capabilities of the real chocolate company and match them against factors unremarkably found in the industry.2.1 Strengths and WeaknessesA company motto might not seem so important but Perfection in handmade gourmet chocolate is an excellent way to inform customers of the quality and care than goes into the chocolates.The companys high regard for the community is a real strength wherein the company provides sponsorships and provision for educational opportunities, as stated in the case study this method is low-cost but has a high publicity return. Publicity is an essential for small companies and the more people know about the company the greater the potentia l for new customers.The larger varieties is a competitive advantage that other chocolatiers lack, the larger pieces of gourmet and the admixture doesnt limit the customers which promotes higher sales as they have enough variety to cater to every customer.The real chocolate company strengths include their new merged management system , Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) makes sure the companys system are maintained, the new system allows the company to predict and planning for any issues that might affect the company on a daily basis. Ideally it addresses operational planning units and is capable of answering what-if questions, constantly readjusting to the every changing units, this is according to (Investopedia, 2009)Bad promotion can be the down fall of any company, in the case of the Real Chocolate company advertisement or lack of it is one of the biggest weaknesses of the company. With the neat advertisement tools the real chocolate company would increase the number of customers they have as well as increase sales.One of the biggest weaknesses the real chocolate company has is there lack of innovations competitors have branched out into different markets or even different aspects in the same market, for example Hershey (a rival chocolate company) has unploughed in the same market but has created a number of confectioneries goods to increase their sales and market portfolio.Staff strengthhttp//essayblog.org/wp-content/samples/chocolate.pdfhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FilePorters_five_forces.PNGhttp//www.ukessays.com/essays/business/using-strategic-analysis-and-strategic-management-business-essay.php

The Worldly Impact of Television Essay example -- Television Media TV

The Worldly Impact of tellyThe television had a very monumental role the worlds history. The television was starting line introduced in the early 1950s. This new phenomenon of television took awhile for many people to catch on to, but once this device was received there was no looking back. The television set the st sequence for many things such(prenominal) as world news, local news, entertainment, and sports. The television allowed what used to be listeners to be able to scene what was going on with their television set. The television got its big get hold in the early 1950s with the end of WWII. This time was known as the golden age which followed the great depression. The returning soldiers brought a new sense of hope to the American public which in turn led to the buying of many new houses and television sets. In 1945, there were 8,000 television sets produced (Watrall notes). It was also in this year that the first television set extravaganza was broadcasted at Yankee Stadi um (History of Television). It was in Yankee stadium where the Joe LouisBill Conn heavyweight competition took place which led to be a success that had an average of 150,000 viewers reflexion from about 5,000 television sets (Watrall notes). As the 1950s went on it started to become a norm for people to have a television set in their home. In 1953 color broadcasting arrived in the U.S., but it was not until the 1960s that the public started purchasing color television sets (History of Television). As time would stretch out to pass and technology would continue to get better so did television. Today, television is something many people take for granted. In todays society 99% of all households in this country have at least star television set (Potter 61). There... ... Television from day one to what it is now has probably had one of the biggest overall affects on the world public. All of the main events that have happened since the early 1940s have been broadcasted on television g iving the audience a chance to see it. This also goes for the world of sports. Every major sporting event that has taken place can be found on television such as the Olympics, Super bowl, World Cup, Stanley Cup, Kentucky Derby, and the World Series can all be found on television. The television is completely different from how it started off as being but what is has become today has surpassed everybodys original expectations. Works Cited Potter, James W. Media Literacy. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications Inc, 2001. History of Television. Hi-Tech Productions. 1996 www.high-techproductions.com/historyoftelevision.html Watrall. Lecture notes

Essays --

Human beings have to made decisions right from childhood stage but the complexity of the decisions to be made or the fate preceding a decision vary from simple personal decisions to being in a group making bodied decisions. Individual Decision Making involves arriving at the decision at a personal level without involving impertinent persons or making the decision regardless of an external or groups view point. This is the common method of making decisions and it has been observed to be effective when input from external parties is not necessary or in circumstances when a person might find themselves in need of immediate decision in order to tackle a particular situation. For example a person who is campaign a car needs to make decisions about what action to take as he drives along the road with regards to following the driving laws and how to respond to actions by other road users. In this situation, an individual utilizes the intuitive decision making process (Cottrell, 2009) which is based on the experience that he has foregone through. harmonise to Buchanan and Huczynski (2013), an individuals quality of decisions can be influenced by how they perceive the adjoin circumstances in a given situation. This process go in the rational decision-making model whereby an individual rationalizes and makes a decision based on the rational circumstances. For example a manager might be take to make a decision on whether to punish or pardon an employee who has made an error but his decision is based on the circumstances surrounding the event. If two managers were to in seemently evaluate the situation, one person might decide to punish while another might decide to pardon because it will depend on the personal interpre... ...decisions than can be arrived at and their consequences. An example of how this decision making process can be used is when a jury is ineffectual to make a common decision mostly due to group polarization, one of the jurors can play the d evils advocate by presenting an bank line from the other perspective opposite to what he rest of the group are focusing on in order to help them to make a decision. According to Berniker and McNabb (2006) the dialectical inquiry method can also be used by a group to help them make a decision. In this methodology, two alternatives are presented to the group for evaluation and they are discussed and then the group evaluates the two options and chooses whether to pick one of the options or to combine the two and use that as the lowest solution to the debate. This decision making process closely mirrors the devils advocacy method.